Epidemiological evidence suggests that the incidence of gallstone disease and gallbladder cancer is higher in women. We analyzed the literature on estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in gallbladder cancer in women. A systematic search was done using Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for the years 1983-2009. The search terms used included 'gallbladder', 'gallstone', 'oestrogen/estrogen', 'progesterone', 'cancer', 'cholelithiasis', 'hormone,' and 'motility'. Hormone receptor expression in gallbladder cancer was analyzed in 11 studies of which immunohistochemistry was used in 10 and enzyme immunoassay in one study. Sample sizes varied 141. Estrogen and/or progesterone receptor expression was detectable in gallbladder cancer tissue samples in nine studies, whereas four studies failed to confirm these findings. The data on the association of hormone receptor expression to tumor differentiation is contradictory and needs further evaluation.
Background: Osteoporosis is a debilitating disease that contributes to 1.5 million fractures per annum among women in the USA. The aim of this systemic review study was to determine the effects of oral bisphosphonates in preventing osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Methods: A literature search was performed of the MEDLINE ® , Embase, and CENTRAL databases. Three types of oral bisphosphonates were identified for the study: alendronate, risedronate, and ibandronate. The chief outcome measure was the incidence of fractures in postmenopausal women. Results: Five randomized controlled studies were included in the meta-analysis. A total of 9,941 patients received oral bisphosphonate, while 5,956 patients received a placebo. The overall risk ratio for all fracture events was 0.73 (confidence interval: 0.66-0.81) There was no significant increased risk for upper gastrointestinal side effects in patients taking bisphosphonates (odds ratio: 1.00; confidence interval: 0.92-1.08). Conclusion: Oral bisphosphonates are associated with a statistically significant reduction in fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Adverse effects were similar for both placebo and oral bisphosphonates.
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