Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that affects sensitive and motor functions. Many population studies were made with the intent of knowing better the most affected groups and the disease manifestations. These review analyses some of those studies, evaluating risk factors, especially genetic relations of Human Leukocyte Antigen DRB1 (HLA-DRB1) gens, for developing clinical disease. Method: We have analyzed 57 articles, published between 2009 and 2014, with the key words "multiple sclerosis", "genetic association studies" and "HLA-DRB1 chains", through the Scopus database. Only 18 articles were eligible for our study; they were read entirely and included in the final analysis. Results: Most studies imply genetic and environmental factors for the incidence of MS, its age of starting and prognosis. Previous studies have shown that many gens are related in MS pathogenesis and that interactions between them are important in determining clinical manifestations. Limitations: Different results were observed when different populations were targeted in the studies. Conclusion: There is an important relation between HLA-DRB1 and MS in diverse population groups. Complementary studies are needed to know better the importance of environmental factors and its interaction with gens in the development of MS.

Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most common causes of neuropathies, which can be caused by molecular imbalances that impair metabolic pathways. Studies in rats showed the importance of sirtuins (SIRT), deacetylases that use NAD + as a cofactor, which have a widespread function in metabolism, and their relation when food deprived or calorie restricted. Additionally, diabetic neuropathy presents different structural biomarkers that cause morphological alterations in fibers that can be partially treated. SIRT1 is the principal sirtuin, which acts on hypothalamus, liver, kidney, among other organs, up regulating or down regulating the expression of some genes or enzymes crucial in the process of glucose absorption.

Major depression is the most common psychiatric disorder described, being a highly disabling disorder with a high prevalence in ocident and has a huge social and economic impact. With several effective treatments to combat depression, whether with drugs, with evidencebased psychotherapy or its association, most of these depressed patients or not outweigh the disease or reach partial improvement. This group is classified as depression resistant to treatment (TRD). Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is effective alternatives for nonresponsive cases. It is a brain intervention that modulates the activity of cortical areas and neural circuits associated with induction of non-invasive intracerebral current and its most common use is high frequency stimulation in the dorsal region of the left lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Several single-center, controlled studies TMS studies were made and in most cases, been proven antidepressant properties of TMS, despite certain recommendations for greater safety and efficacy in the treatment of depression.

There are important limitations regarding the Brazilian Custodial Psychiatric Hospitals or Judicial Psychiatric Hospitals situation. They way how they are administrated, as prisons and non as hospitals, could make the health of their patients worst than when they were admitted. These limitations are not just in the hospitals, but on current Laws of the Brazilian Unified Health System. In addition, patients with mental disorders suffer a complex process of stigmatization, prejudice and social reclusion. Despite the existing Laws to the adequate caring and treatment of mentally ill patients and the advances in the psychiatric and mental health field, radical changes should be made on the Judicial Psychiatric Hospitals and on the Judicial and Health Systems in Brazil in order to achieve better results in the life quality of people with mental disorders.

The borderline personality disorder is a psychiatric disorder that despite being widely researched, still has limitations in addressing certain issues involving the degree of genetic and environmental influence. Although studies indicate the existence of such influences, little had research on different prevalences in twins.

Treatment the Apert Syndrome is unique, therefore, divergences exist in the priority of the procedures performed by each team. The Apert Syndrome occurs in approximately 1/65,000 births and accounts for 4.5% of all craniosynostosis. Some changes in Apert Syndrome stand out, such as craniosynostosis and polydactyly.

Pediatric cancer is rare when compared to the incidence of cases in adults. In Brazil it is the second largest cause of death by disease in children and adolescents. Cancer is a life-altering disease that brings with it fear, disbelief, anger, uncertainty, devastation, at the time it is diagnosed. In childhood cancer, diagnosis extends to the whole family. The diagnosis brings psychological and social changes in family dynamics and needs emotional support, discussion of possible therapies and possible death. Hope comes, bringing with it a meaning in illness, contributing positively to a better adaptation and adherence to treatment and consequently the quality and the prospect of life. Hope has been shown as a positive factor when facing this new reality. However there are few studies dealing with this issue.