We present a comprehensive phylogeny derived from 5 genes, nucSSU, nucLSU rDNA, TEF1, RPB1 and RPB2, for 356 isolates and 41 families (six newly described in this volume) in Dothideomycetes. All currently accepted orders in the class are represented for the first time in addition to numerous previously unplaced lineages. Subclass Pleosporomycetidae is expanded to include the aquatic order Jahnulales. An ancestral reconstruction of basic nutritional modes supports numerous transitions from saprobic life histories to plant associated and lichenised modes and a transition from terrestrial to aquatic habitats are confirmed. Finally, a genomic comparison of 6 dothideomycete genomes with other fungi finds a high level of unique protein associated with the class, supporting its delineation as a separate taxon.

We here taxonomically revise the suborder Massarineae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota). Sequences of SSU and LSU nrDNA and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (tef1) are newly obtained from 106 Massarineae taxa that are phylogenetically analysed along with published sequences of 131 taxa in this suborder retrieved from GenBank. We recognise 12 families and five unknown lineages in the Massarineae. Among the nine families previously known, the monophyletic status of the Dictyosporiaceae, Didymosphaeriaceae, Latoruaceae, Macrodiplodiopsidaceae, Massarinaceae, Morosphaeriaceae, and Trematosphaeriaceae was strongly supported with bootstrap support values above 96 %, while the clades of the Bambusicolaceae and the Lentitheciaceae are moderately supported. Two new families, Parabambusicolaceae and Sulcatisporaceae, are proposed. The Parabambusicolaceae is erected to accommodate Aquastroma and Parabambusicola genera nova, as well as two unnamed Monodictys species. The Parabambusicolaceae is characterised by depressed globose to hemispherical ascomata with or without surrounding stromatic tissue, and multi-septate, clavate to fusiform, hyaline ascospores. The Sulcatisporaceae is established for Magnicamarosporium and Sulcatispora genera nova and Neobambusicola. The Sulcatisporaceae is characterised by subglobose ascomata with a short ostiolar neck, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, clavate asci, broadly fusiform ascospores, and ellipsoid to subglobose conidia with or without striate ornamentation. The genus Periconia and its relatives are segregated from the Massarinaceae and placed in a resurrected family, the Periconiaceae. We have summarised the morphological and ecological features, and clarified the accepted members of each family. Ten new genera, 22 new species, and seven new combinations are described and illustrated. The complete ITS sequences of nrDNA are also provided for all new taxa for use as barcode markers.

A new pleosporalean family Tetraplosphaeriaceae is established to accommodate five new genera; 1) Tetraplosphaeria with small ascomata and anamorphs belonging to Tetraploa s. str., 2) Triplosphaeria characterised by hemispherical ascomata with rim-like side walls and anamorphs similar to Tetraploa but with three conidial setose appendages, 3) Polyplosphaeria with large ascomata surrounded by brown hyphae and anamorphs producing globose conidia with several setose appendages, 4) Pseudotetraploa, an anamorphic genus, having obpyriform conidia with pseudosepta and four to eight setose appendages, and 5) Quadricrura, an anamorphic genus, having globose conidia with one or two long setose appendages at the apex and four to five short setose appendages at the base. Fifteen new taxa in these genera mostly collected from bamboo are described and illustrated. They are linked by their Tetraploa s. l. anamorphs. To infer phylogenetic placement in the Pleosporales, analyses based on a combined dataset of small- and large-subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA (SSU+LSU nrDNA) was carried out. Tetraplosphaeriaceae, however, is basal to the main pleosporalean clade and therefore its relationship with other existing families was not completely resolved. To evaluate the validity of each taxon and to clarify the phylogenetic relationships within this family, further analyses using sequences from ITS-5.8S nrDNA (ITS), transcription elongation factor 1-α (TEF), and β-tubulin (BT), were also conducted. Monophyly of the family and that of each genus were strongly supported by analyses based on a combined dataset of the three regions (ITS+TEF+BT). Our results also suggest that Tetraplosphaeria (anamorph: Tetraploa s. str.) is an ancestral lineage within this family. Taxonomic placement of the bambusicolous fungi in Astrosphaeriella, Kalmusia, Katumotoa, Massarina, Ophiosphaerella, Phaeosphaeria, Roussoella, Roussoellopsis, and Versicolorisporium, are also discussed based on the SSU+LSU phylogeny.

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Conidiomata stromatica, superfi cialia, 100-500 μm lata. Conidiophora ramosa, septata, 15-38 × 3-5 μm. Paraphyses absentes. Cellulae conidiogenae cylindricae, 8-17 × 3-5 μm, 1-3-annellidibus formantes. Conidia falcata, lateraliter appendiculata, 13-15-distoseptata, 110-150 × 10-12.5 μm; cellula basilaris appendicoides, 7.5-15 μm longa, basi 2.5-4 μm lata; cellulae mediis pallide brunneae, 85-107.5 μm longae; cellula apicalis 15-32.5 μm longa, basi 3-4 μm lata. Appendices cellulosae et tubulosae, continuae, hyalinae, rectae vel sinuosae, 20-37.5 × 2.5-3 μm.Conidiomata stromatic, superfi cial, dark brown to black, 100-500 μm (x = 215 μm, n = 50) wide. Conidiophores cylindrical, branched, septate, constricted at the septa, hyaline, 15-38 × 3-5 μm (x = 26.4 × 3.6 μm, n = 50). Paraphyses absent. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical to subcylindrical, hyaline, 8-17 × 3-5 μm (x = 11.5 × 4.1 μm, n = 50), with up to three inconspicuous annellations. Conidia falcate, 13-15-distoseptate, constricted at the septa, 110-150 × 10-12.5 μm (x = 127.5 × 11.0 μm, n = 50) including the apical and basal appendages, with 0-4 lateral appendages; basal cell obconic with a truncate base, attenuated at the tip, hyaline, 7.5-15 μm long, 2.5-4 μm wide at the base; median cells pale brown, 85-107.5 μm long, thick-walled, smooth; apical cell conical, attenuated at the apex as an unbranched, tubular appendage, 15-32.5 μm long, 3-4 μm wide at the base. Lateral appendages arising from median cells, cellular and tubular, unbranched, hyaline, straight or sinuate, 20-37.5 × 2.5-3 μm (x = 30.5 × 2.7 μm, n = 50).Teleomorph: unknown.

Conidiomata stromatic, superfi cial, dark brown to black, 100-500 μm (x ¯ = 215 μm, n = 50) wide. Conidiophores cylindrical, branched, septate, constricted at the septa, hyaline, 15-38 × 3-5 μm (x ¯ = 26.4 × 3.6 μm, n = 50). Paraphyses absent. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical to subcylindrical, hyaline, 8-17 × 3-5 μm (x ¯ = 11.5 × 4.1 μm, n = 50), with up to three inconspicuous annellations. Conidia falcate, 13-15distoseptate, constricted at the septa, 110-150 × 10-12.5 μm (x ¯ = 127.5 × 11.0 μm, n = 50) including the apical and basal appendages, with 0-4 lateral appendages; basal cell obconic with a truncate base, attenuated at the tip, hyaline, 7.5-15 μm long, 2.5-4 μm wide at the base; median cells pale brown, 85-107.5 μm long, thick-walled, smooth; apical cell conical, attenuated at the apex as an unbranched, tubular appendage, 15-32.5 μm long, 3-4 μm wide at the base. Lateral appendages arising from median cells, cellular and tubular, unbranched, hyaline, straight or sinuate, 20-37.5 × 2.5-3 μm (x ¯ = 30.5 × 2.7 μm, n = 50).Teleomorph: unknown. Etymology: from Latin macro and spora, referring to conidial size of this fungus.Holotype: on submerged wood; Japan, Ogamizawa,