This paper gives a detailed explanation of the project, related to reverse engineering, which was conducted by the authors of this paper. The project was based on direct machining, which is done by generating efficient tool paths directly from point cloud data, stored in STL format. The primary objective was to achieve high efficiency in the machining of free-form surface geometries, having complex machining areas. Reverse engineering traditionally involves surface fitting. However, it has several drawbacks. To overcome these drawbacks, the concept of direct machining is used. This skips the surface fitting process and consists of three main steps: digitizing, tool path generation and machining. Therefore, an algorithm to generate tool paths for direct machining was developed. The algorithm works for three-axis milling, using a ball-end mill cutter. It includes dividing the surface into ranges and generating B-spline curves which are best fit curves within each range. These curves are the required tool paths. A few case studies have also been conducted using this algorithm.
Skin picking disorder, also termed dermatillomania is a condition that leads to repetitive picking of their skin ending up in skin and soft tissue damage. It is classified in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder Fifth edition under the "obsessive compulsive and related disorders" section. Often associated with other psychiatric conditions like autism, alcohol abuse, obsessive compulsive, body dysmorphic, mood, anxiety and borderline personality disorders, it is a disorder that is quite often underreported. The patient in this case report is a 58-year-old male with a diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) who reported severe anxiety and skin picking episodes over several years. He presented to the emergency room with an extensive wound on distal left foot with exposure of the underlying muscle tissue, that resulted from the excessive picking of skin from the left foot. This compulsive behavior started off with picking the skin around his nail beds and slowly got worse. The skin picking would get worse whenever he gets nervous or anxious. The wound was treated with topical wound care and antibiotics. At the time of discharge, he was prescribed oral antibiotics to complete his course of treatment and was referred to the hospital's cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) program that specializes in treatment of OCD and anxiety disorders. Treatment of dermatillomania is a multipronged approach and should include treatment of the underlying psychiatric illness, the treatment for pruritus and topical treatment of the lesions. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have proved to be the most effective in treating the psychiatric component of dermatillomania. Non-pharmacological treatments such as behavioral therapy, habit reversal exercises and support groups have also proved to be helpful and are well tolerated amongst patients suffering from dermatillomania.
The rate of cerebrovascular accident is keep on increasing in Pakistan which cause major disability in affected person. In developed countries it has been reported that an action observation treatment for rehabilitation, promotes motor function of upper limb in stroke population.Objective: To find out effects of action observation treatment on upper limb motor functions of chronic stroke patients.Study Design: A randomized control trial with registered number NCT05084820.Place and Duration of study:Fourteen chronic stroke patients were taken from Umer hospital and Riphah rehab center Lahore. Total duration of study was 6 months.Materials and method:A randomized control trial was done containing total 14 chronic stroke patients. Patients in experimental group were given action observationtreatment three days per week for one month along with conventional physiotherapy treatment. Patients in conventional group, received strengthening exercises, reach and grasp of hand, stretch of hand muscles. Modified Barthel Index was used to measure function of upper limb and Fugl-Meyer Assessment for upper extremity (FMA-UE) for assessment of motor function. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS 21.Results: There were significant difference in MBI and FMA-UE score, P value was <0.05, but sensation and joint pain from FMA-UE tool P value was >0.05 which was non-significant.Conclusion:Action observation treatment together with conventional treatment was an effective treatment approach on improving motor function of upper limb in chronic stroke patients.
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