The high volatility and energy usage of rare earths have raised sustainable and financial concerns for environmentalists and sustainable investors. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate time-varying volatility transmission among rare earths elements, energy commodities, and sustainable financial markets. The sample covers global and major financial markets, i.e., US, China, and Australia. Using daily log returns from 2018 to 2022, the paper considers the dynamic Time Varying Parameter-Vector Autoregression (TVP-VAR) connectedness approach to gauge the time-varying features of volatility spillovers. The findings of total spillovers index reveal weak connectedness among markets during the sampled period. US and China rare earth markets were net volatility transmitters, whereas the Dow Jones Australia Sustainability Index (ASI), China Sustainability Index (CSI), Dow Jones Sustainability World Index (SWI), and MVIS Global Rare Earth Index (MVISGREI) were net recipients. Moreover, energy commodities i.e., WTI Crude Oil, Gasoline, and Natural Gas were net volatility transmitters, while ASI, CSI, and SWI were major volatility recipients. The weak financial contagion effect and connectedness across financial markets uncovers possible diversification opportunities. However, the US sustainable financial market is persistently not affected by these volatility spillovers. Policymakers need to establish strict regulations to protect sustainable financial markets in China and Australia.
Dried cells of microorganisms such as fungi, algae, and bacteria, known as Single-Cell Proteins (SCPs), are utilized as a source of protein supplements in animal feed or human food. These SCPs can be produced through the use of low-cost feedstocks and waste materials as sources of carbon and energy, which can be converted into biomass and concentrated proteins. Objective: To optimize the yield and growth of dry cell biomass through the manipulation of fermentation conditions. Methods: A batch fermentation process was used to produce dry cell biomass from a microorganism. Different pH values, fermentation times, and reactor configurations were tested, and the resulting biomass was analyzed for its protein content. Results: The maximum yield of dry cell biomass was achieved at pH 4.5, with a yield of 1.951 g/100 ml. The maximum dry biomass was achieved after 72 hours of fermentation, with a yield of 2.824 g/100 ml. The maximum yield of dry biomass was achieved with an Airlift fermenter at an aeration rate of 1.0 vvm and a temperature of 35°C for 72 hours, resulting in a yield of 5.452 g/L. The protein content of the dried cell biomass was found to be in the range of 45-55%. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the yield and growth of dry cell biomass can be optimized by controlling the fermentation conditions, specifically pH, fermentation time, and reactor configuration. These findings may have implications for the industrial-scale production of dry cell biomass, as they offer insight into how to maximize yield and protein content.
The economic expansion in developing countries can be achieved by converting their low cost industrial and agricultural wastes into more valuable resultants with the help of emerging scientific approaches. Objective: to produce single cell protein from microorganism (fungus) through the process of submerged fermentation utilizing the agro-industrial waste (potato peel) as substrate. Methods: Four broths (control, glucose broth, potato peel broth and mix broth) were prepared. The maximum dry cell biomass (0.523 g/100 ml) was obtained with mix broth which was unitized for further research. All the broths were supplemented with potassium dihydrogen phosphate, magnesium sulphate, sodium chloride, and yeast extract. Result: The growth of fungal biomass in stirred tank and bubble column fermenter was compared and optimum yield was obtained with bubble column fermenter (5.45 g/100ml). This bioconversion will not only supply protein rich food but also help in control of environmental pollution. Conclusion: It is concluded that potato peels can be an attractive substrate for the production of single cell protein as they are good source of sugar and other nutrients required for the support of microorganisms
Objective: To evaluate the association of chromosomal translocations in multiple myeloma (MM) detected by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) and its clinical characteristics.
Present study revisits the financial market development and economic growth nexus by examining the path through which exchange rate determines the role of foreign direct investment on finance-growth link. Sample data represents 22 Asian countries for the period of 1998–2018. Following the categorization of World Bank, study divides the data in developing and developed countries. Findings depict that the developing countries can achieve maximum growth in times of fewer foreign direct investments and weaker home currency. While, developed countries can maximize their economic progression by increasing foreign direct inflows and appreciated home country’s currency. Policy makers of developing countries should develop guidelines that encourage their local industry to foster economic growth and make necessary steps to stabilize their currency. In comparison to this, regulators of developed countries should relax trade tariffs and quotas to increase foreign direct investments and economic growth. Keywords: Financial Market Development, Economic Growth, Exchange Rate, Foreign Direct Investment, Asian countries.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.