SummaryThe article examines public-private sector wage differentials in Spain using microdata from the Structure of Earnings Survey (Encuesta de Estructura Salarial). When applying various decomposition techniques, we find that it is important to distinguish by gender and type of contract. Our results also highlight the presence of a positive wage premium for public sector workers that can be partially explained by their better endowment of characteristics, in particular by the characteristics of the establishment where they work. The wage premium is greater for female and fixed-term employees and falls across the wage distribution, being negative for more highly skilled workers.
ResumenEl artículo examina la evolución de las diferencias salariales entre hombres y mujeres en España entre los años 2002 y 2010. La evidencia obtenida sugiere que el notable empeoramiento de la coyuntura económi-ca tras el inicio de la Gran Recesión ha tenido dos impactos reseñables sobre el diferencial salarial por razón de género. El primero es que se ha revertido la tendencia hacia la reducción de la brecha salarial por géne-ro que se venía produciendo en la economía española con anterioridad, durante la expansión económica. El segundo es que se ha generado un perfil creciente de la brecha salarial a lo largo de la distribución de salarios coincidente con el fenómeno de techo de cristal observado para otros países, pero no en períodos previos para España.Palabras clave: Diferencias salariales por razón de sexo; datos emparejados empresa-trabajador; descomposición salarial de Juhn-Murphy-Pierce; descomposición de Fortin-Lemieux-Firpo.Clasificación JEL: J16, J70. IntroducciónEl análisis de las diferencias entre los salarios obtenidos por hombres y mujeres con similares características productivas ha acaparado tradicionalmente un gran interés en la literatura económica (Altonji y Blank, 1999;Weichselbaumer y Winter-Ebmer, 2005). Este interés se ve acrecentado por las consecuencias de la Gran Recesión, que ha originado un dramático empeoramiento de los mercados de trabajo en el ámbito internacional. La literatura que aborda los efectos del ciclo económico sobre las condiciones laborales de las mujeres sugiere, en este sentido, que la respuesta de este colectivo en términos de empleo y salarios reales ante cambios en la coyuntura económica pudiera diferir de la de los hombres * Este trabajo se ha beneficiado de la financiación del proyecto de investigación CSO2011-29943-C03-02 del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. Agradecemos los comentarios y sugerencias recibidos por parte de dos evaluadores anónimos.
This research examines wage differentials associated to different collective bargaining regimes in Spain and their evolution over time based on matched employeremployee microdata. The primary objective is to analyse the wage differentials associated to the presence of a firm-level agreement and how they have evolved, taking into account the changes in the economic cycle and the recent labour reform of 2012. The second objective of the study is to examine the impact on wages of an absence of a collective agreement. This regime has become more prevalent due to the regulatory changes associated to the labour reform. From the evidence obtained it may be concluded that, although the higher wages observed in company-level agreements are systematically explained by the better characteristics of firms with labour agreements, there is a positive wage premium that favours workers mostly in the middle and upper-middle end of the wage distribution. This premium has remained relatively stable over time and does not seem to have been affected by the reform, although a degree of cyclical evolution cannot be ruled out. With respect to the impact on wages of the absence of a collective agreement, the results suggest that this level of bargaining, which is still fairly scarce, despite displaying an increasing trend, is associated, on average, to comparatively low wages, and, consequently, to higher wage flexibility. The principal explanatory cause for this wage differential is the existence of a negative wage premium for workers of firms covered by sectoral agreements, particularly those at the lower end of the distribution.
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