With the increasing emergence of group communication applications, and the need for more efficient usage of network resources, multicast techniques and protocols are becoming more vital in networks, and thus need to be given more attention.Multicasting refers to the ability to send information to several receivers at the same time. IP multicast and overlay multicast are two well known approaches that provide multicast services. Several limitations found in IP multicast are addressed in overlay multicast. However, implementation of multicast on MPLS still suffers from IP multicast limitations. This paper proposes a new protocol: the Overlay Multicast Protocol (OMP), in which the overlay approach is applied on MPLS networks to improve the scalability of multicasting. The detailed operations of OMP are explained and a simulation study is presented. The results show the improvement in performance when using OMP.
Demands to increase network usage efficiency and scalability do exist. IP and overlay multicast provide multicasting services by enabling data to be sent to several recipients simultaneously over a network. Although MPLS, a high performance method for forwarding packets, has many benefits, implementation of multicast on MPLS still suffers from IP multicast limitations. This paper proposes the Overlay Multicast Protocol (OMP) in which the overlay approach is applied on MPLS networks to improve the scalability of multicasting. Comparisons of OMP with Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode and Protocol Independent Multicast-Source Specific Multicast are presented, showing improved scalability when using OMP.
In energy-constrained networks, designing an energy-efficient MAC protocol is crucial since the MAC protocol controls the access of the nodes to the shared wireless medium. Indeed, an efficient MAC protocol should reduce or even mitigate the consumption of the main sources of energy wastage, namely, overhearing, collision, and idle listening, and hence the network lifetime will be improved. One of the most efficient solutions is designing a MAC protocol that utilizes the quorum concept to increase energy efficiency by reducing idle listening and overhearing. Researchers have proposed several quorum-based MAC protocols to conserve energy. This paper presents a detailed overview and classification of several existing quorum-based sleep/wakeup scheduling MAC protocols. We classify these quorum-based MAC protocols into homogeneous and heterogeneous based on their quorum system characteristics. Moreover, we further classify these protocols according to the guaranteed intersection between any two quorums into fixed and limited. Furthermore, we compare these protocols in terms of their quorum system characteristics, limitations, and performance. Finally, a guide for future research directions is presented.
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