This paper sets the objective of estimating the mediating role of asset prices in the transmission of monetary policy. Vector autoregressive model comprising short-term interest rate, output, inflation and asset prices has been estimated using data of Pakistan economy for the period 2000m01 to 2019m06. We find significant role of asset prices in transmission of monetary policy to target variables, especially when individual asset prices are taken instead of asset price index. Stock prices are found important mediator of transmission from interest rate to output while exchange rate is so for inflation rate; role of house prices remains moderate.
The current study aims to investigate the factors that influence the higher price of household food intake cost and dietary diversity pattern score in Southern Punjab Pakistan. Food intake cost and household dietary diversity pattern score indicate a family’s financial access to a variety of foods to meet their nutritional requirements. The Primary data source was three hundred urban households. A well-structured questionnaire for collecting responses was developed by FAO guidelines. Multivariate Multiple Regression was used to analyze the data. The estimated coefficients of education level, landholding, age and family size all have positive effects on household food intake cost & dietary diversity pattern score while income has a negative effect. The findings of that study indicate that due to covid 19 impacts and economic instability, food price increases and the income level of households decreases and, in that way, they can’t easily afford more dietary diversity pattern score. Based on the findings of this study, we can conclude due to the rapid increase in FIC affects urban households' dietary diversity pattern score. In addition, the study offered important policy recommendations to control food prices, and improve household dietary diversity pattern scores and socioeconomic factors that affect urban households.
For confronting the majority of today’s mankind needles, this paper considers some under-developed and current methods or techniques for advancing solar (sunlight) energy harvesting. Usually, modern energy or power systems presume continuous accessibility of energy, but the energy of the sun or sunlight isn’t available or accessible at night time. So, storage of energy nowadays is an imperative concern. Moreover, the usage of current solar power is not so cheap it causes high production costs. Therefore, there is a need to introduce substantiate solar energy harvesting methods to improve efficiency and reduce costs. Therefore, this research highlighted that storage of solar energy can surely be increased by using flywheels or superconducting magnets, mimic. To uplift the storage of solar energy at night time antennas can be used. Moreover, solar energy efficiency can be surely increased by using gold nano-particles, changing solar panels connects ways.
The quantity theory of money lost much of its significance in 1980s due to the phenomenon of velocity decline and consequent instability of the money demand function; missing financial transactions and asset prices were believed to be responsible (Borio, Kennedy and Prowse, 1994; and Werner, 2012). This study, therefore, uses asset prices for Pakistan to explain the velocity decline phenomenon in a regression model as well as in Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) using quarterly data for the time period 1981Q1-2018Q2. The study finds significant role of asset price index in explaining income velocity of money with a negative effect. Moreover, the sub-sample regressions show that asset prices are helpful in explaining velocity decline phenomenon for the time period 1981-1998 and 2008-2018 but not for 1998-2008. Moreover, there are brief periods in the sample when velocity actually increased despite an overall declining trend. To explain those short term reversals in velocity trend, the study uses indicator function. Results show that the increase in velocity for brief periods is also explained by asset prices
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