Background The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the educational system and led to a drastic shift of professional undergraduate teaching for medical and nursing students into online mode. Methods This was a cross-sectional, observational questionnaire-based study to assess the satisfaction level of the students. The questionnaire had 25 items of which 23 were questions with responses on the Likert scale and two items on views and suggestions were open-ended. The online questionnaire was shared through various messaging/mailing platforms. Overall satisfaction was assessed, and a satisfaction index was calculated for each item. Data are presented in frequencies and percentages, and SPSS was used to analyze the data. Results A total of 1068 students participated in the study. The majority were from the age group 21–23 years (54%) and there was almost the same number of participants from both genders. The majority of the students were medical undergraduates (n=919), were in their second year (n=669), belonged to a government institution (n=897) and used a mobile phone for their online classes (n = 871). The majority of the students were dissatisfied (42%) with no significant difference between medical and nursing students (p = 0.192). First-year students were significantly dissatisfied compared with other senior students (p = 0.005). The maximum satisfaction index (78.23%) was observed with faculties being supportive and responsive in resolving the queries and the minimum (46.39%) was observed with issues related to communication and discussion with peer students. There were 662 responses as views which mostly contained negative comments regarding interaction and focus, practical learning, teaching content, and technological/infrastructural flaws. There was major dissatisfaction regarding the practical and clinical learning. Conclusion Online learning is essential at current times but is not an effective alternative for medical and nursing education. Face-to-face classes and practical sessions along with online learning can be a viable option.
The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has now affected the entire globe which was first surfaced in China in December 2019. In absence of effective therapy to manage COVID-19, repurposed therapies were being used to manage the condition. In view of an urgent need for definitive therapy, multiple repurposed drugs, and investigational drug candidates are being tried in clinical trials which may lead to the emergence of unknown short term and long term adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and hence it is crucial to assess the safety of the tried therapeutic interventions. The lag in the pharmacovigilance activities in the midst of this pandemic fosters under-reporting of ADRs. Difficulty in causality assessment due to factors like wide variations in clinical presentation, concomitant use of multiple drugs, associated comorbidities, drug-drug and drug-disease interaction which forestalls the appropriate causality assessment. Hydroxychloroquine, a repurposed antimalarial drug has been a part of hue and cry at present because of its in-question safety in patients with cardiac disorders. National and International Drug monitoring centers have stressed upon reporting of ADRs and to boost up the process and come up with various recommendations. We can overcome these issues by working cohesively, motivating HCPs and patients to report ADRs electronically, and by setting up dedicated pharmacovigilance rapid response team to tackle the issues at the earliest.
Background Psychiatric disorders are chronic in nature which often require long and continuous medications. These medications are known to cause adverse effects on their use. Their monitoring and prevention are crucial for the practicing family and community physicians. Method This is a cross-sectional retrospective study conducted to analyze all the spontaneous adverse drug reactions (ADRs) reported from the psychiatry department to the ADR Monitoring Center, Department of Pharmacology, AIIMS Jodhpur during the time period from 2014 to 2020. Results A total of 334 ADRs were reported. The majority of the ADRs were reported from antipsychotics (60.6%) followed by antidepressants (25.5%) and antiepileptic drugs (5.8%). On further subgroup analysis of the drug classes among antipsychotics, Clozapine (15.8%) was the leading offending agent. Similarly, among Antidepressants, Escitalopram (6.1%) was causing the most side effects. The most common ADR reported was sedation (7.26%) followed by salivary hypersecretion (6.7%), akathisia (5.52%), and weight gain (5.52%). Conclusion Knowledge of common ADRs help in better management of the diseases and psychotropics as a class has various frequents ADRs. Early detection and suitable intervention can help the community physicians in the proper care of the patients and rational use of drugs.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an RNA retrovirus capable of replicating its genome by the DNA dependent RNA polymerase (DdRp). The virus infects the lymphocytes with the help of viral glycoproteins like Gp 120 and Gp 41. The entry of virus leads to the release of viral RNA inside the host cell, which is further replicated, and assembly of virion particles leads to the release of viral particles that further infect the other host cells. Established therapies include those that inhibit the entry of virus in the host cell, those inhibiting the integrase activity, those acting as protease inhibitors and also we have Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) and Non-Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) with NRTIS being the competitive inhibitors of DdRp also show mitochondrial toxicity. Protease inhibitors are known for their adverse effect profile and several drug interactions due to their enzyme inhibitory property. The most effective approach in the management is the highly active antiretroviral therapy containing the combined use of drugs having varied mechanisms of action. Still, long term use of these agents can end up in resistance against these agents. Well documented adverse effect profile along with various drug interactions associated with anti-HIV drugs mandates the need for the development of newer drugs against HIV. Newer molecules provide a better safety profile and better alternatives for drug-resistant cases. Therefore, this review focuses on existing therapies along with various newer pipeline drugs with their mechanisms and advantages over the existing therapies.
our article titled "The Satisfaction Level of Undergraduate Medical and Nursing Students Regarding Distant Preclinical and Clinical Teaching Amidst COVID-19 Across India". 1 Concerning to the first query, we deeply agree with the fact that "satisfaction" is a broad concept and has varied domains. With regard to describing a particular type of teaching style, we would like to notify that the present study analyzed the online teaching of the medical and nursing students owing to the abrupt change in the pattern of teaching from physical lectures and practical exercises to complete online mode due to lockdown and isolation recommendations from the administration and government. The current study was not a single-center study but analyzed the online teaching in various institutions across India which included a diverse method of teaching like lectures, practical exercises, assignments that were taught through PPTs or other possible modes available to them. Focusing on a single mode of teaching would have been more prudent but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the entire medical and nursing curriculum was shifted to online mode for the first time for which they were not prepared. Hence, we planned to analyze the impact on teaching entirely.Concerning to the second query, we truly accept the fact that the closed questions should have been guided with subsequent open questions to directly identify causes of low satisfaction. In this study, we thought increasing the openended questions would make the questionnaire time taking to fill it up and decrease the number of responses from the students which is also seen in our study that about half of the students did not fill up the last two open-ended questions properly. We had two open-ended questions and the responses were specifically classified into various aspects to assess the exact problems faced by the students. However, we
The ongoing Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the almost entire world and has hit the healthcare and economic sector with a hard blow. The Government imposed lockdowns in almost all part of the world has not only affected the global economy but also has harsh effects on physical and mental health of people around the world. To date, there is no specific and defined treatment or vaccine available for its prophylaxis and treatment; hence preventive strategies like Infection prevention and control (IPC) practices and proper disposal of biomedical waste (BMW) play key role in preventing transmission of the infection in the healthcare sector among healthcare professionals. Ethically, we all should follow the IPC and BMW guidelines soulfully to prevent ourselves and fellow workers from getting infected. The review highlights the salient features of the IPC and BMWM (Biomedical waste management) practices in concise manner for better understanding and implementation at this crucial period of COVID-19 pandemic.
Knowledge of the disease, attitude towards the stopping of transmission and practicing of the preventing and treatment measure determine the spread of any communicable disease. COVID-19 is a viral pandemic wreaking havoc in day-to-day life especially affecting the health care workers. This was a prospective, cross-sectional, observational study that was carried out in the healthcare workers (HCWs) involved with the care of COVID-19 patients. The patients were given a semi-structured questionnaire adapted from online available literature and information provided on the WHO and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website. The questionnaire was distributed by online platforms as a google form. A total of 104 HCWs were enrolled and 95 of them were included. They were majorly from age group 26-35 years (64.2%) and were males (62.8%). Most of the HCWs were postgraduate (73.7%) and graduates (25.3%). A majority (96.7%) of subjects had a good knowledge about the disease and its prevention with a positive attitude towards proper care and management of the patient. Majority of the HCWs were practicing all the preventive measures possible in their work environment like disinfecting the frequently touched surfaces, hand hygiene, mask etc. Good knowledge and proper following of the COVID-19 protocols can help in protecting oneself from getting exposed especially in professions like health care and halting the spread of this communicable disease.
Covid-19 pandemic has impacted the lives of everyone in one way or another. The healthcare workers being the group directly or indirectly working with the covid patients are at higher risk which can lead to increased anxiety among them. This is a prospective, cross-sectional, observational study among healthcare workers who were involved with patient care during the initial stages of the pandemic. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment scale (GAD-7 scale) and WHO-5 wellbeing scale were distributed among healthcare workers through an online survey as a google form. Out of 95 participants who consented about 80% were frontline workers among which the majority (82%) were doctors and nursing staff (11.6%). The mean GAD-7 score observed was 6.06 ± 5.12 with a majority of the participants having minimal anxiety (44.44%). The mean WHO-5 wellbeing score was 55.83 ± 26.57. The present study showed a majority of the health care worker has minimal anxiety but the low mood was prevalent in many which could be due to increased workload and stress.
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