Exosomes are cell-derived, nano-sized extracellular vesicles comprising a lipid bilayer membrane that encapsulates several biological components, such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. The role of exosomes in cell–cell communication and cargo transport has made them promising candidates in drug delivery for an array of diseases. Despite several research and review papers describing the salient features of exosomes as nanocarriers for drug delivery, there are no FDA-approved commercial therapeutics based on exosomes. Several fundamental challenges, such as the large-scale production and reproducibility of batches, have hindered the bench-to-bedside translation of exosomes. In fact, compatibility and poor drug loading sabotage the possibility of delivering several drug molecules. This review provides an overview of the challenges and summarizes the potential solutions/approaches to facilitate the clinical development of exosomal nanocarriers.
Anemia is caused due to nutritional deficiency and has affected public health at a global level. It has affected both developing and developed countries with majority consequences to human health and social and economic development. According to WHO reports, one-third of the global population (over 2 billion) are anemic due to an imbalance in their nutritious food intake. The main objective behind conducting this survey study was to check the effect of RO versus Tap water drinking on anemia. Through this survey, we found out the side effects, causes of illness, medication effects, and the age groups acquainted with getting anemia. The study was conducted in a region of the Anand district. Total 40 anemic people we had selected randomly for the survey. Out of 40 selected people, 10 were male while 30 were females. We found out in our study that among the 10 male participants, 8 were consuming RO water while 2 of them were consuming tap/simple water, and out of a total of 30 females, 16 of them consuming RO water and 14 are consuming the tap/simple water. In our study, we observed that the age group between 19-25 was most affected by anemic conditions. Out of 10 anemic males, none of them had illnesses. Out of 30 anemic females, three females had another kind of illness. Further in our study, out of 8 males, there were only 2 of them who were found to be vegetarian and non-vegetarian respectively, looking towards female’s ratio out of 27 and 3 females were found to be vegetarian and non-vegetarian respectively. Based on this survey study we can conclude that maximum cases of anemia have been reported between an age group of 19-25 out of the survey of 40 people, of which 10 are males and 30 females. There were 8 males out of 10 who were vegetarian and twenty-seven females out of which 30 were vegetarian and hence could be a possible cause for the prevalence of anemia, another possible cause could be the replacement of simple water with tap water which was found to be a preference of 8 out of total 24 RO consumers,10 males and 14 females may be a cause of anemia.
This study was performed at Sai Druggist and Chemist Shop, Anand, Gujarat. We have included total number of 30 patients in our study to know current trends of people regarding self-medication in the region of anand district. Based on this study we have observed that out of total 30 patients 12 had taken the drug via prescription and 18 had taken the self-medication. We have performed the study on both the sex groups male and female and we observed that 10 male and 8 female had taken the self-medication, and 7 male and 5 female had taken the prescribed medication. Out of total patient 10 patient taken the self-medication by their own experience, 7 patients taken self-medication suggested by friend/family member and 1 patient taken self-medication suggested by the media/advertisement.
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