Labile fractions of soil organic C are considered important indicators of soil quality as these can respond rapidly to land-use changes and agricultural management. We studied the impact of three different land-use systems viz. poplar-based agroforestry involving wheat-legume rotation, rice-wheat and maize-wheat agroecosystems, on dynamics of total organic C (TOC), oxidisable soil organic C (SOC), very labile, labile, less labile, and recalcitrant C fractions, water extractable organic carbon (WEOC), hot water soluble C (HWC), microbial biomass C (MBC), and mineralizable C in the semi-arid subtropical India. The maize-wheat and agroforestry systems had 65-88% higher SOC stocks than the rice-wheat system and were characterized by predominantly labile C. About 56-60% of the total organic C in maize-wheat and agroforestry systems occurred as labile and very labile C compared to 37% under ricewheat rotation. Contrarily, the majority of organic C (63%) in rice-wheat soils was stabilized in less labile and recalcitrant forms. The HWC and MBC were also higher in maize-wheat and agroforestry systems as opposed to the rice-wheat system. In the discriminant function analysis, a composite of indicators involving TOC, recalcitrant C and total N correctly distinguished the soils under the three systems. The results suggested that in agroforestry and maize-wheat systems the organic C in soils was less stable and thus could be lost following the land-use change.

A comfortable, environment-friendly, and metal-free approach for synthesizing the biologically important moiety aminoimidazopyridine through the multicomponent reaction of benzylamine, 2-aminopyridine, and t-butyl isocyanide under visible light using eosin Y as a photocatalyst has been developed. Inexpensive, nontoxic, the effortless accessibility of starting materials, and nonparticipation of particular glassware and a photoreactor system are important qualities of the current approach. Strangely, the mild conditions, environment-friendly, and enumerating tolerance of an extensive range of both electron-donating and electronwithdrawing groups are additional features of the approach.

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An efficient C–N cross-coupling approach for the synthesis of hydrazones was developed through C(sp2)−H and C(sp3)−H functionalization of indole and methylarene under visible light irradiation using photocatalyst Eosin Y and...

A novel, efficient, mild, and inexpensive photocatalytic approach has been established for visible light initiated oxidative coupling of indole and active methylene compounds using atmospheric air and water as an oxidant in the presence of eosin Y. An exciting result of our work is that only one molecule of malononitrile, ethyl acetoacetate, and demidone reacts with one molecule of indole. In contrast, two molecules of barbituric acid react with one molecule of indole. The essential features of this approach are metal-free reaction, high yield of the products, no side product, and use of renewable energy sources.

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