The current study stresses on the reuse of waste lignocellulose biomass (rice husk and sugarcane bagasse) for the synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and further conversion of this CMC into a biodegradable film. Addition of commercial starch was done to form biodegradable film due to its capacity to form a continuous matrix. Plasticizers such as Glycerol and citric acid were used to provide flexibility and strength to the film. Biopolymer film obtained from sugarcane bagasse CMC showed maximum tensile strength and elongation in comparison to the film synthesized from commercial CMC and CMC obtained from rice husk. It has been observed that an increase in sodium glycolate/NaCl content in CMC imposed an adverse effect on tensile strength. Opacity, moisture content, and solubility of the film increased with a rise in the degree of substitution of CMC. Therefore, CMC obtained from sugarcane bagasse was better candidate in preparing biopolymer/biocomposite film.
This paper presents a discussion of the effect of including mooring line dynamics and riser friction on Spar response. Data from the Neptune Spar revealed that the heave motion of the vessel was considerably less than predicted by an uncoupled analysis1. It was believed that the primary cause of the reduced heave was damping forces such as friction between the risers and the supporting guides and mooring line dynamic drag that were unaccounted for. A new analysis capability was subsequently developed to simultaneously predict the dynamic response of the vessel, mooring lines, and risers. Results of the coupled analysis reveal that mooring line dynamics and riser friction have significant effect on the Spar heave response. In this paper, comparison of coupled analysis results to Neptune Spar motions during Hurricane Georges will be presented. As a result of reduction in heave response, the draft of the Spar can be reduced. A coupled analysis of a shorter draft Spar is presented. Results for matthieu's instability problem, effect of coupling in different water depths and comparison of coupled response of classic versus truss Spar configurations are also presented. Coupled response of Spar and a second vessel moored together with chains is presented to demostrate the multiple vessel simulation capability of the coupled analysis program. Introduction A characteristic feature of moored offshore structures such as a Spar or a semi-submersible platform is their slow oscillatory motion that occurs at resonant frequencies, well beyond the frequency range of the wave spectrum. Since the damping of such structures is low at resonant periods, correct estimation of damping is important in predicting the motions, maximum offsets and extreme mooring loads. Generally, response of Spar platforms is predicted conservatively by excluding the damping from mooring lines and risers. Damping from risers on the Spar platform occurs from Coulomb friction at the riser guides and keel as well as from the hydrodynamic viscous effects. The risers exert a normal force at the keel guide and other air can guide locations. As the Spar pitches or offsets laterally, the riser induced normal reaction increases. As the Spar heaves vertically, a friction force is developed on the guides, which is proportional to normal reaction from the risers and depends on the coefficient of friction. If the Spar vertical motion is small enough, the static friction will prevent the Spar from moving further. When the Spar motions are larger, the kinetic friction opposes the motion and thus produces damping. In addition to the damping, coupling forces between the riser and the Spar arise in both surge/sway motions as well as pitch/roll motions. The buoyancy force of the riser air cans provide additional restoring moments that affect the pitch/roll motions. The riser lateral reaction at the keel and other guide locations affects the surge/sway motions. Current drag on risers, if significant, produces additional lateral reaction at the keel which can affect both surge/sway and pitch/roll motions.
This study focuses on the synthesis of aluminum oxide nanoparticles (AlO-NPs) hydrogel through in situ method and formation of biopolymer nanocomposite film. UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size analyzer, and energy dispersive X-ray spectrum were performed for the characterization of AlO-NPs. TEM micrograph demonstrates the presence of AlO-NPs in the range of 50-100 nm in the hydrogel network made from sugarcane bagasse carbo-xymethyl cellulose (SB-CMC) and synthetic carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The successful absorptions peak at 210 nm while conducting UV-Vis spectroscopy suggests existence of AlO-NPs. The antibacterial properties of AlO-NPs were analyzed using the disc plate diffusion technique against Gram-negative bacteria:Escherichia coli (ATCC 433); and Gram-positive bacteria: Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 1688). AlO-NPs present in CMCs films reduce moisture content, solubility; elongation at break and increases films' tensile strength.
A im of this paper is to develop and evaluate a physiologically activated in situ gel for local periodontal application. The gel, when at formulation pH and temperature (pH 6, 25°C) will be at liquid form which will be converted to gel at body pH and temperature (pH 7.4, 37°C) showing ease of administration and prolonged duration of action. Chitosan which was both mucoadhesive as well as pH simulative polymer was used in combination with pluronic F-127 which is a temperature simulated gelation polymer. Prilocaine hydrochloride was used as model drug to check the efficacy of the developed in-situ gel system. Different combination of Chitosan and pluronic F-127 were tested and final combination of 0.5% w/v and 10% w/v of Chitosan and pluronic F-127 respectively were selected and further evaluated for parameters like physicochemical properties, viscosity, gelation pH, gelation temperature, in-vitro release, sterility testing and stability testing. The system thus developed was found to be clear and have good viscosity with prolonged release at pH 7.4 and 37°C. The formulation can be easily packaged and sterilized with method employed. As per ICH guidelines gel was found to be stable and a shelf life of 2 years was assigned to the formulation.
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