Stem cells are stirring great excitement in medical research. Stem cells are characterized by their three special properties of self renewal, differentiation and unspecialized nature. The capacity to differentiate into specialized cell types and be able to give rise to any mature cell type is referred to as potency. Human stem cell research holds an enormous potential and contribute to the understanding of fundamental human biology. Stem cell therapy is an amazing modern medical advancement that goes straight to the source of the problem and treats various disorders. Stem cell therapies are playing a major role in cell transplantation biology. This review describes various types of stem cells, their potency and transplantation.

The hypothesis of immune responses is predicted on theory of immune system that is capable of eliminating foreign antigens including tumor specific antigens in the process, immunosurveillance. To defense against tumors immune system activates cell mediated and humoral immune responses, cell mediated immune system protects the body from itself by controlling cancerous cells, this includes activation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes, Natural Killer cells, Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, Lymphokines, etc., where as humoral immune system recognizes foreign particles. These cells play important role in defending as well as in diagnostic processes. Here I discussed about the cell mediated and humoral mediated immuno mechanisms involved in the defense mechanism against tumors.

Neurologic diseases are disorders of the brain, spinal cord and nerves throughout the body. Neurological Disorders have a major emotional, mental, social and economic impact on the lives of patients, as well as their families. The incidence of age-related neurological diseases is continuously increasing primarily due to the increased life expectancy of the general population of many developed nations. One of the more prevalent and debilitating neurological disorders is Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD involves an economical and emotional cost; hence the understanding of aspects related with AD prevalence, risk factors and potential interventions are topics of significant importance for medical attention and public health.

Liver failure is one of the major causes of death worldwide and a growing health problem. Now-a-days liver transplantation has been an accepted method to treat many liver disorders. Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is a life-saving procedure for end-stage liver failure. Liver transplantation has some complications involved such as immunosuppression, graft rejection and various side effects. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequently occurring malignancies and orthotopic liver transplantation is not recommended for patients with Hepatocellular carcinoma. Today, transplantation is entering a new era characterized by a growing interest in novel methods for the treatment of disease that do not necessarily require transferring solid organs between patients. Radioembolization (RE) with radiolabeled microspheres, generally Yttrium-90 microspheres is one such novel method. In this review, a brief emphasis on radioembolization has been described.

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