This study was carried out to test prospect-refuge theory and the effect of external high-rise buildings on landscape preferences in a traditional Japanese daimyo (feudal lords) garden, namely, the Hama-rikyu Gardens located in Tokyo, Japan. Eight sites in the garden were selected to be tested with respect to their degree of openness, their degree of safety, and the ratio of background buildings present. An in situ survey was conducted with 129 people (15-18 per site) who agreed to take part in the survey. Subjects were asked to assess the view at each site in the direction indicated by a sign and to provide responses about (a) their general preference for the view, (b) their perception of the openness of the view, (c) their perception of the safety of the site, (d) their perception of the pleasantness of/ disturbance from the background buildings. The results indicated that predefined open-protected sites were more preferred than the others; prospect (perceived openness) was an important indicator of the preferences, whereas the refuge-related symbols (perceived safety) of the garden were not perceived differently between the sites; the ratio of background buildings did not have a significant effect on either landscape preferences or perceived prospect-refuge attributes, whereas the perceived pleasantness of/disturbance from background buildings significantly affected the overall landscape preferences. The results indicated that the design techniques of Japanese daimyo gardens, including the usage of the Shakkei (borrowed scenery) technique, might reveal the principles of prospect-refuge theory. Furthermore, the effect of the surrounding buildings is considered to be a subjective aspect that depends on observers' experiences and attitudes, rather than an objective one.
This study was carried out in a traditional Japanese garden namely Hama-rikyu Gardens which is one of the important heritage sites in Tokyo city. Hama-rikyu Gardens is a stroll type garden (kaiyu-shiki teien) which was originally designed to have borrowed sceneries (Shakkei) of nature elements in its surroundings. However, with the urbanization phenomena in the last decades, modern high-rise buildings have surrounded the garden and entered the garden's scenery which became a problem from the viewpoint of heritage garden preservation. Thereby, this study aimed to investigate the visual effect of external high-rise building views on the garden's scenery in visitors' perception. To achieve this aim, an in-situ survey was conducted among the visitors of Hama-rikyu Gardens by using a questionnaire with a range of questions to assess the external building sceneries. The results indicated that evaluation of the garden scenery as a whole was highly positive while the buildings in the garden sceneries were not liked, and they were perceived as disturbing. Furthermore, the negative effect of the buildings increased in the observation points where Shakkei (borrowed scenery) experience could be expected.
The word 'virtual,' which the entire world has become familiar with during the pandemic in 2020, was a phrase that is primarily applicable for higher education in various departments. However, for design students, the online learning medium is a new concept, and the question of how the virtual teaching environment affects the design capability of students is pertinent regarding architectural and design education. This study explores how architectural students' perception of their education medium affects their success in organizational behavior. In this context, an in-depth online interview that aims to understand the perception of architectural students regarding their education medium was conducted to analyze the effects of the learning medium on their educational success. The findings obtained in this study may improve architectural education concerning the virtual teaching experience.
Çalışma kapsamında kullanıcı ve peyzaj mimarlarının bitkisel tasarımlara ilişkin tercihlerini saptamak amacıyla anket çalışması yürütülmüştür. Bu bağlamda 400 kullanıcı anketi ve 51 peyzaj mimarı anketi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular değerlendirildiğinde, yapılan regresyon analizleri göstermiştir ki, peyzaj mimarlarının bitkisel tasarım hakkında tercihlerini en çok etkileyen bitkisel tasarım unsurları Vurgu, Denge ve Doğallıktır. Bunun yanında kullanıcıların bitkisel tasarım hakkında tercihlerini en çok etkileyen bitkisel tasarım unsurları ise Vurgu ve Dengedir.
Özet İnsan ve doğa arasındaki ilişki, etkileşim ve bağ günümüzün modern toplumunda açık bir şekilde görülmektedir. İnsanlar, tarihin erken dönemlerinde, örneğin avcı toplayıcı oldukları dönemde, doğa içinde gruplar halinde yaşarken, doğaya uyma çabası içinde bulunmuştur. Günümüzde gelişen teknoloji ile birlikte doğayı değiştirmeye ve dönüştürmeye başlayan insanoğlu, bazı araştırmacılara göre antroposen dediğimiz dönemi oluşturmuş ve büyük oranda insan yapımı çevreler içinde yaşar hale getirmiştir İnsanlar yaşadıkları çevreyi estetik anlamda ve kullanıcı şartlarına uyum çerçevesinde yorumlamaktadırlar. Bu estetik değerlendirme konusu son yıllarda çevre estetiği adı altında çalışılmaktadır. İnsan ile yaşayan canlılar ve/veya canlı benzeri varlıklar arasındaki psikolojik bağ, 'Biyofili' hipotezinde anlam kazanmaktadır. Biyofili insanların yaşadıkları ve var oldukları doğaya karşı, gerek bilişsel, gerek içgüdüsel olarak doğuştan gelen bir eğilimle, fikirler, yorumlar ve değerlendirmeler üretip onu beslemeleri anlamına gelmektedir. Bu makalede literatür taramaları sonucu çevre estetiği konusundaki araştırmacıların değerlendirdiği beş model incelenmiştir, sonuç olarak eleştirilen veya doğrulanan noktalara göre, biyofili hipotezi bağlamında yeni modeller geliştirilmeye çalışılmıştır.
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