Adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) face increasing responsibilities for managing their own treatment. For some, implementing their treatment regimen enhances diabetes self-efficacy beliefs because they welcome the chance to exert control over their illness. Other adolescent patients, however, feel overwhelmed and helpless. We developed the self-efficacy for diabetes scale (SED) with a sample of adolescent boys (n = 34) and girls (n = 34) with IDDM. High reliability (internal consistency) and evidence for criterion validity were obtained for this measure, because SED scores predicted metabolic control. In addition, construct validity was established, because SED scores were related to theoretically relevant measures of locus of control and self-esteem. Although they showed similar expectancies for diabetes self-efficacy, girls had significantly positive correlations between their SED scores and metabolic control, whereas boys did not. We offer a new instrument for studying adolescent patient perceptions and physical health.
This study examined the psychological effects of running loss upon consistent runners. We compared a group of 30 "Prevented Runners" who were unable to run for at least two weeks with a group of 30 "Continuing Runners" who ran without interruption on the Profile of Mood States (POMS), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, Zung Depression Scale, and a Running Information questionnaire. We found that Prevented Runners displayed significantly greater symptoms of psychological distress, including depression, anxiety, confusion, over-all mood disturbance, and lower self-esteem than did Continuing Runners. Deprivation of running may result in withdrawal symptoms of psychological distress for consistent runners who rely on running as a coping strategy for stress reduction and who feel dependent upon the psychological reinforcements of running.
This article explores the manner in which REM sleep deprivation might affect various aspects of memory processing. A series of tests, including Sternberg's test of scanning of immediate memory, past personal and nonpersonal memory, and past emotional memories, was administered to eight subjects after baseline, control-awakening, and REM-deprivation nights. The results showed that only past, emotionally important memories may have been affected by REM deprivation; access to the emotion connected with the memories was decreased. This finding is discussed in relation to a possible function of REM sleep and to the effects of REM deprivation on depression.
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