The objective of this scoping review is to review current conceptualizations and measurements of active learning education in pharmacy school as it pertains to social determinants of health (SDOH) and to determine the gaps and limitations in available literature. A secondary objective was to assess simulation-based educational methods related to SDOH in pharmacy. Findings. Sixteen articles were eligible for inclusion. Many simulation-based and non-simulation-based teaching strategies are described. The majority of articles included active learning activities related to social/community context and health/health care, the other 3 SDOH domains: education, economic stability, and neighborhood/built community, were not equally addressed. Schools and colleges of pharmacy appear to not be integrating all five components of SDOH into active learning curricula. The sparsity of literature and lack of diversity in published types of simulated experiences and assessments leaves room for innovation in this area. Summary. More research is needed in order to fully characterize conceptualizations of SDOH in pharmacy education in order to ensure students are provided with a full understanding of the SDOH factors that affect patient outcomes.

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IntroductionTelehealth offers a promising opportunity for the delivery of clinical pharmacy services by increasing the accessibility of health care, extending the reach of clinical services, and allowing pharmacists to engage with patients who might otherwise be overlooked. The objectives of the project were to discover effective strategies for the delivery of clinical pharmacy services via telehealth and to identify core components of comprehensive medication management (CMM) that are deliverable via telehealth.MethodsA systematic literature review was performed by searching four databases (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature [CINAHL], PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) for relevant citations using keywords and subject headings relating to telemedicine, clinical pharmacy services, and health conditions. Studies were eligible for inclusion in the review if the interventions they describe involved telehealth technologies and pharmacist care. Blind screening of abstracts and full‐text review was completed by six researchers divided into teams of two. Any discrepancies were resolved by the corresponding author.ResultsFifty‐nine studies met the inclusion criteria, most (n = 53) of which were conducted in the U.S. Five studies (8.5%) reported pharmacist training as an implementation strategy. The telehealth technologies most regularly utilized were telephone‐based interventions (n = 45), videoconferences (n = 13), and web‐based (n = 4) interventions, with five studies using a combination of technologies. Most studies focused on hypertension (n = 22), diabetes (n = 20), or lipid‐related (n = 14) disease state management. Eighteen studies qualified as CMM (n = 18), with most involving all five essential CMM functions.ConclusionThis systematic review study highlights opportunities for pharmacists to deliver clinical pharmacy services using telehealth. The majority of clinical pharmacy services described in the accessed literature was provided via telephone and focused on targeted monitoring of disease states. While studies reporting the use of CMM interventions were limited, there is an opportunity to increase the application of CMM principles as healthcare systems transition to providing more telehealth services.

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective treatment to combat the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) endemic, but the uptake of PrEP has been low in the United States (U.S.). While individuals may access PrEP via obtaining a prescription from their prescriber and having it dispensed by their pharmacist, less cumbersome access points may exist. This systematic literature review evaluates qualitative literature to explore the role of pharmacists, pharmacy services, and interprofessional collaborations for persons seeking PrEP in the United States. Four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and Embase) were searched in February 2022 and yielded 3841 results. After excluding duplicates, two researchers reviewed 2461 studies. These results were screened for inclusion and exclusion criteria and yielded 71 studies for full review. Out of these 71 studies, five studies met the pre-selected inclusion criteria. Of the five studies, four were qualitative studies, and one was a mixed-methods study. The studies examined different aspects of initiating PrEP and diverse outcomes, such as screening for PrEP, barriers to access PrEP, feasibility to access PrEP, accessibility via community pharmacy to PrEP, and interdisciplinary collaboration between members of the healthcare team to expand patient access to PrEP. A gap in the qualitative literature focusing on U.S. pharmacists’ roles in initiation and provision of PrEP for diverse populations may exist. While PrEP promotion and uptake are largely affected by convenience and accessibility, future interventions and strategies should include training pertaining to PrEP screening, stigma reduction, privacy considerations, and PrEP dispensing.

Over the last two decades, the United States (U.S.) has experienced an opioid crisis that has had a significant negative societal and economic impact. Due to the high utilization of opioids in Persons Living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA), there is a need for a qualitative literature review that presents opioid-use related problems in this population. This study aims to present and identify a thematic overview of the qualitative manuscripts on PLWHA who take opioid medications in the U.S., with a focus on perceptions surrounding medication assisted therapy. The systematic literature search was performed in December 2019. Four databases were searched: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL). A total of 5348 results were exported from databases into EndNote x9, and duplicates were removed for a total of 3039 unique abstracts to screen. The records were imported into Rayyan, an online platform designed to expedite the screening process. Three authors screened titles and abstracts and determined 19 articles that would be screened in full text. On 9 April 2020, it was determined that eight articles would be included for review. The analysis of the eight manuscripts that fit the inclusion and exclusion criteria revealed barriers and facilitators to medication assisted therapy (MAT) in PLWHA. This review communicates or describes the story of PLWHA who might have delayed access to HIV healthcare providers and the commencement of antiretroviral therapy. In the literature, several studies have focused on the role of physicians in prescribing and addressing the medication regimens but none of the studies examined the role of pharmacists in access to care in this population. Therefore, further research is needed for a better understanding of the social aspects of taking opioid medications in PLWHA and the role of pharmacists within the continuum of care.

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Background: The majority of patients with a substance use disorder (SUD) in the United States do not receive evidence-based treatment. Research has also demonstrated challenges to accessing SUD care in the US criminal justice system. We conducted a systematic review of access to SUD care in the US criminal justice system. Methods: We searched for comprehensive qualitative studies in multiple databases through April 2021, and two researchers reviewed 6858 studies using pre-selected inclusion criteria. Once eligibility was determined, themes were extracted from the data. This review provides a thematic overview of the US qualitative studies to inform future research-based interventions. This review was conducted in compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Results: There were 6858 unique abstract results identified for review, and seven qualitative studies met the inclusion criteria. Two themes were identified from these results: (1) managing withdrawal from medication-assisted treatment, and (2) facilitators and barriers to treatment programs in the criminal justice system. Conclusions: Qualitative research evaluating access to SUD care in the US criminal justice system varied, with some interventions reported not rooted in evidence-based medicine. An opportunity may exist to develop best practices to ensure evidence-based treatment for SUDs is delivered to patients who need it in the US criminal justice system.