Summary Two Quarter Horses were examined at the Washington State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital with forelimb lameness. Case 1 was a 4‐year‐old female with a 4 month history of intermittent forelimb lameness that had partially responded to oral anti‐inflammatories. The horse was in full training and actively competing in cutting. Case 2 was a one‐year‐old filly bred for cutting that presented with a right forelimb lameness of 3 weeks’ duration, which was not responsive to oral anti‐inflammatories. The horse was not in training. On lameness examination, Case 1 was grade 1/5 (American Association of Equine Practitioners scale) lame in the left forelimb in a straight line on a hard surface, extension and flexion of the shoulder was resented and exacerbated the lameness. Case 2 was grade 3/5 lame in the right forelimb in a straight line on a hard surface, flexion and extension of the shoulder was resented and exacerbated the lameness. Both horses had a characteristic dished appearance to the dorsal aspect of the shoulder, with prominence of the proximal aspect of the humerus. Ultrasound and proximodistal oblique (skyline) radiographic views of the scapulohumeral joints demonstrated bilateral hypoplasia of the minor tubercle of the humerus with bilateral medial luxation of the proximal biceps tendon in both cases. To the authors' knowledge this is the first report of 2 cases of bilaterally affected horses, as well as the first report of the condition in the Quarter Horse breed.
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) on equine intrabursal deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) and navicular bone fibrocartilage (NBF) cells in vitro. SAMPLE Third passage DDFT and NBF cells from 5 healthy donor horses ages 11–17 years euthanized for reasons unrelated to musculoskeletal conditions. PROCEDURES Aggregate cultures were incubated with culture medium alone (control), 10 ng/mL IL-1β, 10 ng/mL IL-1β + 0.05 mg/mL MPA, or 10 ng/mL IL-1β + 0.5 mg/mL MPA for 24 hours. Extracellular matrix (ECM) gene expressions were assessed via real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR). Culture media matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -3 and -13 concentrations were quantified via ELISA. Total glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content in the cell pellets and culture media was also assessed. RESULTS IL-1β and IL-1β combined with MPA significantly downregulated ECM gene expression to a greater extent in NBF cells compared with DDFT cells. IL-1β and IL-1β combined with MPA significantly upregulated MMP-3 culture media concentrations in DDFT cells only, and MMP-13 culture media concentrations to a greater extent in NBF cells compared with DDFT cells. CLINICAL RELEVANCE NBF cells were more susceptible to IL-1β and MPA-mediated ECM gene expression downregulation in vitro. These results serve as a first step for future work to determine intrabursal corticosteroid regimens that limits or resolve the inflammation as well as take into consideration NBF cell biosynthesis in horses with navicular disease, for which currently no information exists.
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the injection of a bone substitute material (BSM) into an impact lesion in the palmar condyle of the third metacarpal bone. Study Design This was an in vivo controlled study performed on six horses. Materials and Methods Medial metacarpal condyles were exposed via arthrotomy and a compressive lesion created in anaesthetized horses using 80 psi (27.6 MPa) onto the articular surface (n = 12). Paired limbs were randomly selected as a control or for extra-articular injection of BSM towards the subchondral bone near the compressive lesion. Parameters of the surgical techniques and BSM distribution outcomes were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging analysis, histology and histomorphometry. Results Injection of the BSM required significant pressure, as well as the use of a pilot hole. The BSM was visible in all magnetic resonance imagings in treatment limbs. Post-impact treatment limbs had greater average grey scale values than controls (p = 0.041), and greater average grey scale values than pre-impact treatment limbs (p = 0.004). Histology demonstrated haemorrhage and microfractures at the site of compression with no evidence of bone disruption from BSM injection. Conclusion Injection of BSM into the dense subchondral bone of the equine palmar condyle could be targeted to a site of injury, distributed subchondrally and without further injury to bone or cartilage. Clinical Significance This procedure has potential for the treatment of clinical impact injury or osteoarthritis in horses, and long-term studies are warranted.
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