Cu-Sn alloy electrodes were prepared by simple electrodeposition method for the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 into CO and HCOO − . The alloy electrode surfaces provided good selectivity and efficiency in electrochemical CO 2 conversion because they provided appropriate binding energies between the metal and the reactive species obtained through CO 2 reduction. Therefore, product selectivity can be modulated by altering the Cu-Sn crystal structure of the electrode. Using the Cu-Sn alloy electrodes, electrochemical reduction was performed at applied potentials ranging from − 0.69 to − 1.09 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). During electrochemical CO 2 reduction, all the prepared Cu-Sn alloy electrodes showed prominent suppression of hydrogen evolution. In contrast, Cu 87 Sn 13 has high selectivity for CO formation at all the applied potentials, with maximum faradaic efficiency (FE) of 60% for CO at − 0.99 V vs. RHE. On the other hand, Cu 55 Sn 45 obtained a similar selectivity for electrodeposition of Sn, with FE of 90% at − 1.09 V vs. RHE. Surface characterization results showed that the crystal structure of Cu 87 Sn 13 comprised solid solutions that play an important role in increasing the selectivity for CO formation. Additionally, it suggests that the selectivity for HCOO − formation is affected by the surface oxidation state of Sn rather than by crystal structures like intermetallic compounds.
Background and aim Cold snare polypectomy (CSP) is growing in popularity due to its safety and convenience. Its indication is benign tumours such as adenoma and sessile serrated lesions (SSLs) <10 mm in size. CSP for SSLs ≥10 mm in size has not been well examined. In this study, we aimed the feasibility of this treatment regarding therapeutic results and local recurrence. Methods This was a single-centre retrospective cohort study. We reviewed SSLs with or without dysplasia of 10–20 mm that were resected by CSP from 2014 to 2020. All tumours were diagnosed endoscopically as SSLs without dysplasia before CSP with the help of magnifying narrow band imaging or blue laser imaging. We analysed the lesion characteristics, en bloc resection, histopathological diagnosis, adverse events and local recurrence. We analysed risk factors for recurrence, comparing recurrent lesions to non-recurrent lesions. We also compared risk factors for lesions 10–14 mm in size to those for lesions 15–20 mm in size. Results We analysed 160 lesions in 100 patients ( Mage± SD=67.7±10.1 years). The polyp size ( M± SD) was 11.8±2.8 mm, and the en bloc resection rate was 60.0% (96 cases). The rates of massive perioperative haemorrhage, postoperative haemorrhage and perforation were 1.3%, 0% and 0%, respectively. Regarding histopathological diagnosis, two (1.2%) cases showed SSLs with high-grade dysplasia. The recurrence rate in 101 lesions with a median follow-up period of 18 months (interquartile range 12–24 months) was 5.0%. There were no significant risk factors such as tumour size, location, morphology and so on in terms of recurrence. All recurrent cases could be resected by repeat CSP. The recurrence rates of lesions 10–14 mm in size and 15–20 mm in size were 4.7% and 6.3%, respectively ( p=0.713). Conclusion CSP of SSLs ≥10 mm in size according to magnifying endoscopic diagnosis was safe and promising, but the rate of recurrence was slightly high, meaning that close follow-up is required.
Behaviors of polyaniline artificial muscle under high tensile loads have been studied. The artificial muscle based on the electrochemomechanical deformation exhibits a large creep under high tensile loads. However, the creep is recovered by the removal of tensile loads and several electrochemical cycles. The facts indicate that the creep is due to the one dimensional anisotropic deformation. The anisotropic deformation is retained by the ionic crosslink at the oxidized state, and released by the cycling under load free.
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