Blackberry ( Rubus spp.) is a shrub plant of the Rosaceae, which fruits are used for fresh markets or processing. Blackberry cultivation has increased in Brazil and has turned into an alternative for family farmers. Among the significant diseases that can occur in plantations, there is rust, caused by phytopathogenic fungus species: Gymnoconia nitens (orange rust), Kuehneola uredinis (cane and leaf rust) and Phragmidium violaceum (blackberry rust). This research project was conducted to identify the fungi specie causative of rust occurred on experimental blackberry fields, in Diamantina, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Infected blackberry leaves with symptoms of rust fungi and full spores yellow were collected. Infection was limited to undersurfaces of the leaves and reddening occurred on corresponding upper areas. No stem or fruit infection occurred on the infected plants. Morphological analyzes of the microstructures (sorus and spores) were carried out under optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was observed uredinia with urediniospores uniformly echinulate golden-yellow and telia obtain with teliospores smooth hyaline, mostly four celled and with a short rounded apical papilla. The rust was identified as Kuehneola uredinis (Link) Arthur. This is the first record for Brazil. Morphological descriptions, illustrations of the microstructures, examined material, geographic distribution and taxonomic comments are provided for this species.
Brazil is one of the world’s largest producers of maize (Zea mays L.). Cry proteins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been widely used in transgenic maize due to their toxicity and specificity against insects that damage crops. In addition, these plants have been stacked with different herbicide tolerance genes. Non-target insects end up being exposed to Bt proteins and herbicide applications. There is little information on the effects of Bt transgenics and their cultural practices on the behavior of pollinators in genetically modified crops. The aim of this research was to verify the impact of genotypes of genetically modified maize, Herculex®, PowerCore®, and the conventional isohybrid, pulverized or not with herbicides (atrazine, glufosinate-ammonium and nicosulfuron) in bee populations. In order to evaluate the presence of insects, a zig-zag tour was carried out throughout the experimental field, ascertained from visual analysis and direct counting of six plants per plot (the dimensions of the plots were 2.5 x 10 m with five maize lines spaced 0.50 m between rows and 0.36 m between plants) randomly, 18 days after spraying herbicides in the area. Apis mellifera (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Tetragonisca angustula (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Trigona spinipes (F.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) were the pollinator species identified in the crop. It was observed that the incidence of pollinator insects varied according to cultivars and herbicides tested; however, the PowerCore® genotype experienced more visitation of pollinating bees independently of the herbicide treatments.
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