In this paper, a novel degenerate two-level model is proposed to study the behavior of optical bistability (OB) and optical multistability (OM) under the effect of the magnetic field and relative phase. We show that the behavior of the OB can appear in the resonant regime by changing the strength of the external magnetic field. Especially, the result has shown that it is possible to easily convert between OB and OM by adjusting the strength of the external magnetic field or coupling field in the presence of the relative phase. In addition, the influence of the probe detuning and the atomic cooperation parameter on the OB behavior have also been considered. The studied results may be helpful for optical communication applications in optical switching processing and optimization.
Objectives:The current study aimed at evaluating the predictive value of serum IgG and IgG/IgM ratio measured on admission for steroid-resistant response after eight weeks of treatment in pediatric patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS). Methods: The current cross sectional study was conducted on 69 children, including 41 patients with idiopathic NS and 28 healthy subjects as controls. Serum IgA, IgG, and IgM levels were measured in all subjects using immunoturbidimetric method. Results: The median serum IgA, IgG, and IgM levels were 1.15, 2.23, and 1.7 g/L, respectively. Serum IgA and IgG levels in patients were lower than controls (P < 0.001). In addition, 46.3% of children had steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). IgG had a positive predictive value for SRNS (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.923, P < 0.001). With the cutoff point of 2.04 g/L, this test had the sensitivity and specificity of 89.5% and 95.5%, respectively. The IgG/IgM ratio also had a positive predictive value for SRNS (AUC = 0.892, P < 0.001). With the cutoff point of 1.64 g/L, this test had the sensitivity of and specificity of 89.5% and 81.8%, respectively. Conclusions: Serum IgG level and IgG/IgM ratio can be considered as predictive markers for steroid resistance in children first diagnosed with idiopathic NS.
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