Significance Using 3D culture of human ES cells, we show new self-organizing aspects of human corticogenesis: spontaneous development of intracortical polarity, curving morphology, and complex zone separations. Moreover, this culture generates species-specific progenitors, outer radial glia, which are abundantly present in the human, but not mouse, neocortex. Our study suggests an unexpectedly wide range of self-organizing events that are driven by internal programs in human neocortex development.

Some analytical results are obtained for a large population of limit·cycle oscillators modelled by a set of deterministic equations 1>i = Wi-N-1 K'2;/j~lsin(

It is commonly known that two-dimensional mean-field models of optical and matter waves with cubic self-attraction cannot produce stable solitons in free space because of the occurrence of collapse in the same setting. By means of numerical analysis and variational approximation, we demonstrate that the two-component model of the Bose-Einstein condensate with the spin-orbit Rashba coupling and cubic attractive interactions gives rise to solitary-vortex complexes of two types: semivortices (SVs, with a vortex in one component and a fundamental soliton in the other), and mixed modes (MMs, with topological charges 0 and ±1 mixed in both components). These two-dimensional composite modes can be created using the trapping harmonic-oscillator (HO) potential, but remain stable in free space, if the trap is gradually removed. The SVs and MMs realize the ground state of the system, provided that the self-attraction in the two components is, respectively, stronger or weaker than the cross attraction between them. The SVs and MMs which are not the ground states are subject to a drift instability. In free space (in the absence of the HO trap), modes of both types degenerate into unstable Townes solitons when their norms attain the respective critical values, while there is no lower existence threshold for the stable modes. Moving free-space stable solitons are also found in the present non-Galilean-invariant system, up to a critical velocity. Collisions between two moving solitons lead to their merger into a single one.

The developing dorsomedial telencephalon includes the medial pallium, which goes on to form the hippocampus. Generating a reliable source of human hippocampal tissue is an important step for cell-based research into hippocampus-related diseases. Here we show the generation of functional hippocampal granule- and pyramidal-like neurons from self-organizing dorsomedial telencephalic tissue using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). First, we develop a hESC culture method that utilizes bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Wnt signalling to induce choroid plexus, the most dorsomedial portion of the telencephalon. Then, we find that titrating BMP and Wnt exposure allowed the self-organization of medial pallium tissues. Following long-term dissociation culture, these dorsomedial telencephalic tissues give rise to Zbtb20+/Prox1+ granule neurons and Zbtb20+/KA1+ pyramidal neurons, both of which were electrically functional with network formation. Thus, we have developed an in vitro model that recapitulates human hippocampus development, allowing the generation of functional hippocampal granule- and pyramidal-like neurons.

No abstract

Systems of many limit cycle oscillators are studied by using a phase description of the oscillation. Each oscillator interacts with all the other oscillators uniformly and is subject to external field. Two kinds of external fields are applied to the system: (1) periodic force and (2) random noises. Some effects of the external fields on the mutual entrainment are studied by analyses for steady macroscopic rotation and also by numerical simulations.

Our data support the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of CAA-ri may be mediated by a selective autoimmune reaction against cerebrovascular Aβ, directly related to autoantibody concentration and soluble Aβ. The CSF dosage of anti-Aβ autoantibodies with the technique here described can thus be proposed as a valid alternative tool for the diagnosis of CAA-ri. Moreover, given the similarities between ARIA developing spontaneously and those observed during immunization trials, anti-Aβ autoantibodies can be considered as novel potential biomarkers in future amyloid-modifying therapies for the treatment of AD and CAA.

1005By computer simulations of an active rotator model, it is found that 1-, 2-and 3-dimensional oscillator lattices with distributed natural frequencies exhibit peculiar clustering patterns due to local entrainment. A simple theory suggests that some of such self-entrained clusters mayor may not develop into macroscopic size depending on system dimension, and this fact consistently explains our numerically obtained order parameter curves.A simplified description of a large population of limit-cycle oscillators is possible by employing an active rotator modeP) ( i=l 2 .,. N) "Progress Letters Vol. 77, No.5