summarY. -The Japanese pond turtle, Mauremys japonica (Family Geoemydidae), is endemic to Japan and is distributed in Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and adjacent small islands. The turtle is found in various freshwater habitats such as swamps, marshes, irrigated rice paddies, ponds, lakes, and rivers. Many of these habitats have been the objects of recent rapid land developments, or under the constant influences of human activities, obviously involving population declines of this species. The overexploitaion by pet dealers and the prevalence of artificially introduced species with similar ecological requirements could be reducing the numbers of this turtle as well. Thus, although the turtle seems still to be relatively abundant in most districts, preservation of its habitats, as well as regulations for the handling of this species and the control of invasive turtles (especially of the red-eared slider Trachemys scripta elegans) should be considered urgently for the conservation of this species. Accumulation of field data for various ecological aspects of the Japanese pond turtle is also strongly desired in order to formulate effective conservation actions.disTribuTion. -Japan. Restricted to Honshu, Kyoshu, and Shikoku. sYnonYmY. -Emys vulgaris japonica Temminck and Schlegel 1835;
The yellow-margined box turtle, Cuora flavomarginata, (Family Geoemydidae), is a small species (carapace length to 190 mm), that occurs in eastern and southern continental China, Taiwan, and the southern Ryukyus of Japan. The species is mainly terrestrial and is found in and around primary and dense secondary forests, feeding on both small animals and plant materials, such as insects, earthworms, and berries. Clutch size usually ranges from one to four, and the female tends to be larger in body mass than the male, sometimes exceeding 1000 g. The yellow-margined box turtle is threatened by deforestation in its natural habitat, and large numbers have been exploited for food and traditional Chinese medicine and also exported from continental China for pets. This exploitation has caused the decline of many populations of this turtle. Capture and trade in Japanese and Taiwanese populations are currently regulated by national laws, but habitat destruction progresses in both countries. There is thus urgency that areas of habitat be set aside and protected. In order to devise effective conservation measures, it is also important to undertake research on life history and population status of the species; information on these aspects is insufficient, especially for the non-Taiwanese populations. distribution.-China (Continental), China (Taiwan), Japan. Distributed on Ishigakijima and Iriomotejima islands of the southern Ryukyu Archipelago (Japan), Taiwan, and Minjiang, Fuchun, and Yangtze River drainages of eastern continental China. sYnonYmY.-Cistoclemmys flavomarginata Gray 1863, Cuora flavomarginata, Terrapene flavomarginata, Cyclemys flavomarginata, Geoemyda flavomarginata, Cyclemys flavomarginata sinensis Hsü 1930, Terrapene culturalia Yeh 1961. subspecies.-Two currently recognized by us: Cuora flavomarginata flavomarginata (Common Yellow-Margined Box Turtle) (synonymy: Cyclemys flavomarginata flavomarginata, Cuora flavomarginata flavomarginata, Cistoclemmys flavomarginata flavomarginata, Cyclemys flavomarginata sinensis, Cuora flavomarginata sinensis, Cistoclemmys flavomarginata sinensis) and Cuora flavomarginata evelynae (Ryukyu Yellow-Margined Box Turtle) (synonymy: Cuora evelynae Ernst and Lovich 1990, Cistoclemmys flavomarginata evelynae). status.-IUCN 2009 Red List: Endangered (EN A1cd+2cd) (assessed 2000); CITES: Appendix II (as Cuora spp.). Figure 1. Cuora flavomarginata flavomarginata, adult female from Nantou, central Taiwan. Photo by Tien-Hsi Chen. 035.2 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5
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