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Uniform-sized polystyrene/polyacrylamide (PST-PAAm) composite microspheres were prepared from a water/oil/water (W/O/W) emulsion by using a glass membrane emulsification technique. An AAm aqueous solution was emulsified into an oil phase containing ST, initiator, Span 85, and PST by ultrasonification to obtain W/O primary emulsion. Then, the W/O emulsion was pressed through the uniform pores (5.25 µm) of a SPG (Shirasu porous glass) membrane into an outer aqueous solution to form uniform-sized W/O/W emulsion. PST was added to increase the viscosity of oil phase, retarding the phase separation between inner water phase and oil phase during the membrane emulsification process. After the W/O/W emulsion was polymerized, the uniform-sized composite particles around 20 µm were obtained. It was found that the spherical PAAm microdomains were distributed inside and on the surface of a composite particle; the number of PAAm domains on the surface was controllable by varying crosslinking density of the PST phase.

Akari, Takuzu, Kakuro and KenKen are logic games similar to Sudoku. In Akari, a labyrinth on a grid has to be lit by placing lanterns, respecting various constraints. In Takuzu a grid has to be filled with 0's and 1's, while respecting certain constraints. In Kakuro a grid has to be filled with numbers such that the sums per row and column match given values; similarly in KenKen a grid has to be filled with numbers such that in given areas the product, sum, difference or quotient equals a given value. We give physical algorithms to realize zero-knowledge proofs for these games which allow a player to show that he knows a solution without revealing it. These interactive proofs can be realized with simple office material as they only rely on cards and envelopes. Moreover, we formalize our algorithms and prove their security.We also prove the security of our constructions.Related Work: Sudoku, introduced under this name in 1986 by the Japanese puzzle company Nikoli, and similar games such as Akari, Takuzu, Kakuro and Ken-Ken have gained immense popularity in recent years. Following the success of Sudoku, generalizations such as Mojidoku which uses letters instead of digits, and other similar logic puzzles like Hitori, Masyu, Futoshiki, Hashiwokakero, or Nurikabe were developed. Many of them have been proved to be NP-complete [12,5].Interactive ZKPs were introduced by Goldwasser et al. [8], and it was then shown that for any NP-complete problem there exists an interactive ZKP protocol [7]. An extension by Ben-Or et al. [1] showed that every provable statement can be proved in zero-knowledge. They also showed that physical protocols using envelopes exist, yet their construction is -due to its generality -rather involved an often impractical for real problem instances. Proofs can also be non-interactive in the sense that the prover and verifier do not need to interact during the protocol [3]. For more background on ZKPs see for example [15].As ZKPs have always been difficult to explain, there are works on how to explain the concepts to non experts, partly using physical protocols as illustrations. For example, in their famous paper [18], Quisquater et al. propose "Ali Bababa's cave" as a tool to explain Zero-Knowledge Proof to kids. In [20], ZKP's are illustrated using a magician that can count the number of sand grains in a heap of sand. Naor et al. used the well-known "Where's Waldo?" cartoons to explain the concept of ZKP to kids, and also proposed an efficient physical protocol for the problem in [17].In 2007, the same authors proposed a ZKP for Sudoku using cards [9], which partly inspired Cobra's solution in our paper. This was later extended for Hanjie [4].As in [9], we here also assume an abstract shuffle functionality which is essentially an indistinguishable shuffle of a set of sealed envelopes or of face down cards. This functionality is necessary to prevent information leakage, and cannot be realized neither by the verifier nor the prover. The verifier cannot perform this action, as otherwise he could be pe...

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