Two type of adulterants i.e. soybean oil (SO) and buffalo depot fat (BDF) along with pure cow and buffalo milk fats, collected and prepared after every two months of interval for a complete one year, were analyzed for their fatty acid composition using gas liquid chromatography. Both the adulterants were added individually at 5, 10 and 15 percent levels (v/v) as well as in their combinations at 5+5 (10), 10+10 (20) and 15+15 (30) percent levels (v/v) in both types of milk fat separately. It was observed that soybean oil consisted of high amount (51.86 percent) of linoleic (C 18:2 ) acid, while buffalo depot fat possessed high content (49.17 percent) of oleic (C 18:1 ) acid. Milk fats from both the species of cow and buffalo were found containing more of myristic (C 14:0 ), palmitic (C 16:0 ), stearic (C 18:0 ) and oleic (C 18:1 ) acids. The results revealed that the SO was detected even at 5 percent level using linoleic (C 18:2 ) acid as marker, while BDF was detectable at 5 percent level using oleic (C 18:1 ) acid as the base. When the ratios of some fatty acids (C1 4:0 /C 16:0, C 14:0 /C 18:1 , C 14:0 /C 18:2 , C 16:0 /C 18:1 , C 16:0 /C 18:2 and C 18:0 /C 18:2 ) were calculated for detecting adulteration, it was noticed that two fatty acid ratios (C 14:0 /C 18:1 and C 14:0 /C 18:2 ) were found more useful in detecting adulteration in maximum number (78 percent) of samples. Whereas, on the basis of the ratios of sum of C 4:0 to C 14:1 /sum of C 15:0 to C 20:0 fatty acids and vice-versa, addition of both the adulterants at all the levels (added individually as well as in their combinations) in both the milk fats was easily detected.
The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of vermicompost prepared from two different aquatic weeds on eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) growth and yield under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was conducted at the botanical garden of Annamalai University during December, 2011 to June, 2012. Vermicompost was prepared from cow dung and aquatic weeds i.e., Azolla and Eichhornia by using
Diabetes mellitus, when producing hyperglycemia, as well as angiopathic, vasculopathic, and neuropathic complications, poses a threat to the function and viability of sexual arousal and intercourse at similar and different levels in males and females. Males are faced with hypogonadism, depression and anxiety, affecting their sexual arousal desire. Male intercourse may be impaired by erectile dysfunction, priapism, ejaculatory dysfunction, and/or benign prostatic hyperplasia. Female sexual arousal may be affected by depression, hormonal imbalance, and hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Female sexual intercourse may be disturbed by dyspareunia, vaginismus, and anorgasmia. Effects on sexual intercourse may also be seen at the gender neutral level due to cranial neuropathy and various autonomic neuropathies outside the genitourinary tract. Though specific treatments target most conditions, healthy diet and exercise are the best bets to avoid the long-term effects of diabetic complications on sexuality.
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) frequently experience poor body image (BI), an important issue, though not well researched or understood thus far. BI is perception of one's own body. The effects of disease activity, damage, sleep, stress, pain, fatigue, function, medications, depression and fibromyalgia (FM) on BI in SLE are not known. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the relative role of the specific variables listed above on BI in SLE patients. Methods: SLE patients receiving rheumatology care at two academic medical centers were recruited. Each patient completed questionnaire assessments evaluating target variables and BI. Disease activity was evaluated using SELENA-SLEDAI. Multivariate regression analyses including stepwise modeling were conducted with BI as the dependent variable for all patients and for patients with and without FM. Results: 115 SLE patients participated. Mean (SD) age was 40.1 (13.8) years. For all patients and patients without FM, depression (β-1.7, p 0.02), stress (β-1.8, p 0.05), ACR malar rash (β-13.5, p 0.03), and steroid dose (β-0.4, p 0.04) were found to be independent predictors of BI, and explained 54% of BI variance. On stepwise regression modelling, scores for depression (β-2.2, p <0.001), stress (β-1.6, p 0.05), and disease activity (β-1.5, p 0.005) were found to be predictive of poor BI in the whole group, and similar results were noted among those without fibromyalgia. Malar rash presence as defined in the ACR classification criteria for SLE (β-10.3, p 0.04) was most predictive of poor BI among patients without fibromyalgia. Of the modifiable variables among those without FM, depression and stress had similar contributions to BI, followed by disease activity. In patients with fibromyalgia, depression (β-3.6, p 0.002) alone was associated with BI. Conclusions: Depression, stress, and disease activity are important predictors of BI in SLE patients. Malar rash is a risk for poor BI among those without FM. Attention to depression and stress concurrently with control of disease is suggested among SLE patients with poor BI.
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