Guided by a life course perspective, attachment theory, and gender theory, this study aims to examine the impact of death of a father, a mother, or both parents, as well as continuously living with one or both parents dead (in contrast to having two parents alive) on multiple dimensions of psychological well-being (depressive symptoms, happiness, self-esteem, mastery, and psychological wellness), alcohol abuse (binge drinking), and physical health (self-assessed health). Analyses of longitudinal data from. 8,865 adults in the National Survey of Families and Households 1987-1993 reveal that a father's death leads to more negative effects for sons than daughters and a mother's death leads to more negative effects for daughters than sons. Problematic effects of parent loss are reflected more in men's physical health reports than women's. This study's results suggest that family researchers and practitioners working with aging families should not underestimate the impact of filial bereavement on adult well-being. Keywords bereavement; parent death; psychological well-being; depression; health With increased contemporary life expectancy in most developed countries, it is most typical now for individuals to experience the death of parents during adulthood rather than childhood (Watkins, Menken, & Bongaarts, 1987;Winsborough, Bumpass, & Aquilino, 1991). Therefore, most adults have longstanding life course attachment ties and affectional bonds with their parents both as children and adults before the death of first one parent, and then the second parent, occurs. The death of parents is a typical life course transition for adults, yet surprisingly little research has examined the impact of parent loss during adulthood on psychological and physical well-being.Previous research has indicated that parent loss in childhood is associated with significant problematic consequences (Bowlby, 1980;Harris, 1995) and that loss of other significant family members during adulthood, such as a spouse or child, is associated with significant negative effects on well-being (Genevro, Marshall, & Miller, 2004). Thus, it is surprising that filial bereavement and its potential consequences for adult well-being have hot received more systematic research attention. The overall aim of this study was to contribute to a population Please address correspondence to Nadine F. Marks, Human Development and Family Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1430 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706-1575 e-mail: marks@ssc.wisc perspective on the impact of death of a mother, death of a father, death of both parents, and living without one or both parents alive (in contrast to having both parents alive) on adults' psychological well-being and physical health by examining this issue with a prospective design, using data from a U.S. national sample. We also sought to better understand how gender influences the effects of parental death on adults. Theoretical Background From Isolated Nuclear Families to Life Course Intergenerational AttachmentsGuiding the...

A life-course theoretical perspective guided this study to examine how effects on mental and physical health (depressive symptoms, hostility, global happiness, self-esteem, personal mastery, psychological wellness, self-rated physical health) of transitioning into filial caregiving for a sole surviving parent are moderated by prior relationship quality, filial obligation, race or ethnicity, education, income, employment status, marital status, and parental status. Results from models estimated using longitudinal data from 1,060 adults aged 25 to 65 years at baseline (National Survey of Families and Households, 1987 to 1994) suggested that life-course and contextual factors do contribute to patterning health risks of caregiving, often in different ways for men and women: For example, low income puts daughter caregivers at greater risk for decline in physical health, combining employment with filial caregiving is more problematic for daughters' mental health, and being an unmarried filial caregiver is more problematic for men. Heterogeneity in the experience of filial care needs further attention in future research. Keywordscaregiving; parent; mental health; physical health; filial Assuming the role of caregiver for a frail or disabled parent is becoming an increasingly probable occurrence for both women and men traversing middle adulthood (Brody 1990;Marks 1996; National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP 2004;Stone, Cafferata, and Sangl 1987), and providing care to disabled elderly parents has been linked to considerable strain, burden, psychological distress, and sometimes poorer health (e.g., Brody 1990; George and Gwyther 1986;Horowitz 1985;Hoyert and Seltzer 1992;Pinquart and Sorensen 2003;Schulz, Visintainer, and Williamson 1990;Schulz and Williamson 1991;Stephens and Townsend 1997;Young and Kahana 1989). Overall, most studies suggest that women providing parent care experience more burden and distress than men (Montgomery 1992;Yee and Schulz 2000). A number of additional life-course contextual factors beyond gender that might moderate the effects of filial caregiving have been suggested and to some extent examined, for NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript example, race or ethnicity, socioeconomic status, relationship quality, attitudes toward filial responsibility, marital status, parenthood status, and employment status. However, a systematic examination of all of these moderators across a national sample of caregivers has not been previously undertaken.The transition into filial caregiving has been the least frequently studied phase of the caregiving career to date, because it requires a prospective research design. The aim of this study was to contribute to a population and life-course perspective on filial caregiving by using longitudinal U.S. national data to examine how multiple psychosocial life-course contextual factorsgender, relationship quality, filial obligation, race or ethnicity, educational attainment, household income, marital status, employment,...

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The purpose of this study is to examine differences in marital and sexual values according to gender, age, and Protestantism contexts using the 2012 and 2018 Korea General Social Surveys. Samples for marital values were from the 2012 survey (N=797 adults aged 20 and over), and those for sexual values were from the 2018 survey (N=550 adults aged 20 and over). There were four domains in marital values (happiness, child, cohabitation, and divorce) and three domains in sexual values (premarital intercourse, extramarital intercourse, and same-sex intercourse). We applied ANCOVA and post hoc analysis to examine the differences in each domain via gender, age, and Protestantism contexts. Results on marital values did not show significant interactions between gender, age group, and Protestantism contexts, while age differences were consistently significant in all domains of marital values. In results about sexual values, there were significant interactions between gender, age, and Protestantism contexts in all domains of sexual values. The findings of this study may promote an understanding of the dynamics and diversity of Korean contexts on marital and sexual values.