BackgroundGlobus pharyngeus is common and has a low cure rate. Its etiology is complex and reported to be associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). However, some patients with globus do not exhibit any reflux symptoms or respond to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) treatments. The purpose of this study was to clarify the related risk factors of these patients with a final objective of improving the curative effect.MethodsForty two patients afflicted with globus pharyngeus (G group) and 38 patients without globus pharyngeus (NG group) were included in this study. According to the laryngopharyngeal Reflux Symptom Index and the response to PPIs treatments, the patients were further divided into reflux groups (G-R, NG-R) and non-reflux groups (G-NR, NG-NR). High Resolution Manometry (HRM) was performed to assess esophageal motility. Questionnaires, including categories such as life exposure factors, were conducted.Results
a) The average resting and residual pressures of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) in the G-NR group was higher than in the NG-NR and NG-R groups (P < 0.05). b) The average resting and residual pressures of the lower esophageal sphincter showed no differences between the G-NR group and the NG-NR group (P > 0.05). c) The esophageal distal contractile integral score of the G-NR group was not different from the NG-NR group (P > 0.05). d) Compared to the NG-NR group, the G-NR group showed higher incidence of stress, smoking, drinking, high salt and anxiety (P < 0.05).ConclusionsGlobus pharyngeus without LPR may occur due to high UES pressure. Stress, smoking, alcoholic drinking, high salt and anxiety may be its risk factors.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12876-017-0666-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Silyl-crosslinked urethane elastomer modifying epoxy resin has drawn much interest. Here the triethoxysilyl-terminated polycaprolactone elastomer (PCL-TESi) modifying diglycidylether of bisphenol A epoxy resins (DGEBA) system was chosen, and then the effect of the type of curing agent on the phase structure of the studied epoxy resin system was investigated. The modified systems were obtained with different phase structures by varying the formulations of the curing agent. It was experimentally shown that with the addition of aminosilane (KBE-9103), the crosslinked density was greatly increased. The cured system also showed from SEM and TEM analysis that addition of KBE-9103 increased the compatibility between the PCL-TESi and DGEBA, which made the ductility of the system decrease, but also indicated from TEM that addition of much KBE-9103 made the reacted silicone particles coagulate each other. The state of phase separation from TEM in the cured system was theoretically explained. These would serve the deeper studies of the mechanism of silyl-crosslinked urethane elastomer modifying epoxy resin in the future.
With a direct nucleophilic addition between À ÀOH groups of polydiol and À ÀNCO of a silane, a blend of silyl-terminated polycaprolactone PCL-Si and silyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane PDMS-Si oligomer, PCS-2Si, were firstly prepared, and then blended with a commercial epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A, DGEBA) to form a ternary composite. The formed ternary composites of different content of DGEBA were cured using a polyamidoamine as a curing agent and a sol-gel process at ambient temperature. The microstructures and properties of the cured composites were investigated by SEM, TGA, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results showed the compatibility between DGEBA and PDMS increased with increasing content of PCS-2Si, but higher content of PCS2Si resulted in a slight enrichment of silicon in the surface of the cured film. TGA showed that incorporating PCS-2Si into epoxy resin altered the composites' thermal stability and degradation characteristics.
Improving properties of polyurethane (PU) elastomers have drawn much attention. To extend the properties of the modified PU composite, here a new method via the reaction of poly(urethane-imide) diacid (PUI) and silane-modified epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A) was developed to prepare crosslinked poly (urethane-imide)/epoxy/silica (PUI/epoxy/SiO 2 ) hybrids with enhanced thermal stability. PUI was synthesized from the reaction of trimellitic anhydride with isocyanateterminated PU prepolymer, which was prepared from reaction of polytetramethylene ether glycol and 4,4 0 -diphenylmethane diisocyanate. Thermal and mechanical properties of the PUI/epoxy/SiO 2 hybrids were investigated to study the effect of incorporating in situ SiO 2 from silanemodified epoxy resin. All experimental data indicated that the properties of PUI/epoxy/SiO 2 hybrids, such as thermal stability, mechanical properties, were improved due to the existence of epoxy resin and SiO 2 .
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