BackgroundAlfalfa (Medicago sativa) is the most extensively cultivated forage legume in the world, and salinity stress is the most problematic environmental factors limiting alfalfa production. To evaluate alfalfa tissue variations in response to salt stress, comparative physiological and proteomic analyses were made of salt responses in the roots and shoots of the alfalfa.MethodA two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE)-based proteomic technique was employed to identify the differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) from salt-treated alfalfa roots and shoots of the salt tolerance cultivars Zhongmu No 1 cultivar, which was subjected to a range of salt stress concentrations for 9 days. In parallel, REL, MAD and H2O2 contents, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes of shoots and roots were determinand.ResultTwenty-seven spots in the shoots and 36 spots in the roots that exhibited showed significant abundance variations were identified by MALDI-TOF-TOF MS. These DAPs are mainly involved in the biological processes of photosynthesis, stress and defense, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, second metabolism, protein metabolism, transcriptional regulation, cell wall and cytoskeleton metabolism, ion transpor, signal transduction. In parallel, physiological data were correlated well with our proteomic results. It is worth emphasizing that some novel salt-responsive proteins were identified, such as CP12, pathogenesis-related protein 2, harvest-induced protein, isoliquiritigenin 2′-O-methyltransferase. qRT-PCR was used to study the gene expression levels of the four above-mentioned proteins; four patterns are consistent with those of induced protein.ConclusionThe primary mechanisms underlying the ability of alfalfa seedlings to tolerate salt stress were photosynthesis, detoxifying and antioxidant, secondary metabolism, and ion transport. And it also suggests that the different tissues responded to salt-stress in different ways.
White clover (Trifolium repens L.) has been cultivated for ornamental use because of its flowers, leaf marks and creeping habit. Although a mutation in flower color is very infrequent in this species, the red-flowered mutant of white clover was a novel germplasm for ornamental white clover breeding. The mechanism of flower pigmentation in white clover is still limited because of the rarity of mutation materials and the lack of genomic data. In this study, two cDNA libraries from red-flowered white clover mutant between sunlight-exposed plants and shade-treated plants, respectively, were used for transcriptome sequencing. A total of 157,964 unigenes with an average length of 728bp and a median length of 1346bp were isolated. A large number of differentially expressed genes (6282) that were potentially involved in multiple biological and metabolic pathways, including anthocyanin flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, were obtained, 70 of which could be identified as putative homologues of color-related genes. Furthermore, eight key candidate genes (CHS, F3'H, F3'5'H, UFGT, FLS, LAR, ANS, and DFR) in flavonoid biological synthesis pathway were identified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Mass sequence data obtained by RNA-Seq of white clover and its red-flowered mutant provided basic sequence information and a platform for future molecular biological research on the red flower trait.
Bioskins possess a great ability to detect and deliver external mechanical or temperature stimuli into identifiable signals such as color changes. However, the integration of visualization with simultaneous detection of multiple complex external stimuli in a single biosensor device remains a challenge. Here we propose an allsolution-processed bioinspired stretchable electronic skin with interactive color changes and four-mode sensing properties. The fabricated biosensor demonstrates sensitive responses to various stimuli including pressure, strain, voltage, and temperature. Sensing visualization is realized by color changes of the e-skin from brown to green and finally bright yellow as a response to intensified external stimuli, suggesting great application potential in military defense, healthcare monitoring, and smart bionic skin.
interpret the sensory information brought by irritating gas (e.g. liquefied petroleum gas, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), rancid smell). This sensory information is transmitted to brain via olfactory sensory nerves, which is followed by storage and interpretation of the smell information in brain via memory cells. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Such a process can provide awareness surrounding environment and major guide for our decision making and taking actions (Figure 1). [6,12] Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), are commonly present in industrial production, home decoration, paint materials, automobile exhaust, and so on. [14][15][16][17][18][19] Some VOCs are highly carcinogenic or toxic, which are detrimental to human health, such as headache, nausea, dizziness, coughing, and even death. [18][19][20][21] As part of risk assessment to prevent these health threats, developing artificial olfactory memory electronics, which aim at establishing bioinspired electronics to highly simulate biological recognition, learning, and memorization, is of great interest in several fields, like environmental monitoring, health care, food industry, and explosives detection. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] In order to mimic biological olfactory system, several strategies have been demonstrated to construct artificial olfactory electronics. The prevailing strategy is to construct arrays of devices with multiple sensors, such as chemical sensor, color sensor, and optoelectronic Schottky sensor. [30][31][32][33][34][35][36] For instance, Dodd and Persaud introduced a gas sensors array with three metal oxide gas sensors to mimic the smell discrimination ability of mammalian olfactory system. [30] Another approach is integrating chemical color sensors array with intelligent analysis networks to achieve olfactory system. [37][38][39][40] Recently, Chen and co-workers designed a bioinspired artificial scent screening system to monitor meat freshness, which was based on combining colorimetric barcode combinatorics with deep convolutional neural networks. [37] All these findings have focused on the development of artificial olfactory systems by gas sensing and establishing complicated neural networks; however, the memory part of the complete process of biological recognition, learning, and memorization is still missing due to the lack of memory units.Here, we propose an artificial olfactory memory system for mimicking human olfactory memory by integrating highly selective gas sensor with resistive switching memory (Figure 1). A gas sensor system was developed to mimic smell sensing function of the electronic nose via depositing ceramic In biology, the sensory memory system plays a critical role by providing awareness and guidance for human action/decision. Olfactory memory, which is based on odor detection by receptor cells within the nasal cavity and followed by rapid decision making in the brain, is one of the most important, but least studied, sensory memory systems. Mimicking the olfactory memory by developing recognition, learni...
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