Background: Vitiligo is a depigmenting disorder characterized by the appearance of circumscribed white macules in the skin. The etiology of vitiligo is not clear, and although various hypotheses have been proposed. It has been suggested that autoimmunity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo.Objective: To evaluate the serum levels of S100B as it could be used as biomarker of disease activity in vitiligo patients. Methods:The current study included 45 patients with vitiligo and 45 healthy controls. Patients were divided into two groups, segmental vitiligo (group I) including 4 patients and generalized vitiligo (group II) including 41 patients. All participants were recruited from the outpatient clinic of Al-Azhar University hospital (Damietta) and Dermatology, Venereology, Leprosy in June 2018.Results: S100B serum levels were high in patients with vitiligo as compared to the control subjects. S100B were significantly higher in non segmental vitiligo. S100B serum levels were higher in active vitiligo patients as compared to inactive vitiligo patients. There was no significant difference between the studied groups regarding age, gender, duration of the disease and Fitzpatrick skin phototype. Conclusions:Vitiligo patients have been associated with high levels of S100B, indicating its possible involvement in its pathogenesis. S100B may be a potential target for treatment.

Article information Background: Diabetes mellitus [DM] and thyroid dysfunction are the most commonly coexistent disorders. Hypo-and hyperthyroidism are causes of dysglycemia. However, the relation between normal thyroid hormone levels and insulin resistance [IR] is unclear. The aim of the work: This study aimed to examine the association between the normal values of thyroid hormones and glucose metabolism and to investigate whether improvement of metabolic status can restore thyroid function in patients with uncontrolled type-2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]. Patients and Methods: This study was a retrospective observational study. A total of 120 euthyroid participants were recruited. They were classified into four groups: Normal glucose tolerance [NGT, n =28], Prediabetes [n=32], well controlled DM [T2DM with glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] ≤ 7%, n =26], and uncontrolled DM [T2DM with HbA1c > 7%, n = 34]. The results were compared between groups and the changes before and after treatment in uncontrolled DM group were observed and documented. Results: A total sample of 120 participants showed that mean age of DM uncontrolled patients was 40.2± 19.5 and there were no significant differences among groups regarding their age, body mass index [BMI], blood pressure [BP]. However, groups showed significant differences regarding cholesterol, free t4, serum glucose, two hours post prandial glucose, HbA1c, fasting insulin and insulin resistance. Regression analysis revealed that BMI, HbA1C, low density lipoprotein [LDL], triglycerides [TG] and total thyroxine [TT4] had statistically significant association with insulin resistance. there is statistically significant difference between uncontrolled DM patients before and after treatment regarding HbA1C and glucose. Conclusion: Reduced levels of free thyroid hormones [although in normal range] were significantly associated with high levels of serum glucose and HOMA-IR. There was significant improvement of blood glucose levels and insulin resistance.