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Caveolae are plasma membrane invaginations that may play an important role in numerous cellular processes including transport, signaling, and tumor suppression. By targeted disruption of caveolin-1, the main protein component of caveolae, we generated mice that lacked caveolae. The absence of this organelle impaired nitric oxide and calcium signaling in the cardiovascular system, causing aberrations in endothelium-dependent relaxation, contractility, and maintenance of myogenic tone. In addition, the lungs of knockout animals displayed thickening of alveolar septa caused by uncontrolled endothelial cell proliferation and fibrosis, resulting in severe physical limitations in caveolin-1-disrupted mice. Thus, caveolin-1 and caveolae play a fundamental role in organizing multiple signaling pathways in the cell.

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In both atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) complement plays a primary role in disease pathogenesis. Herein we report the outcome of a 2015 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference where key issues in the management of these 2 diseases were considered by a global panel of experts. Areas addressed included renal pathology, clinical phenotype and assessment, genetic drivers of disease, acquired drivers of disease, and treatment strategies. In order to help guide clinicians who are caring for such patients, recommendations for best treatment strategies were discussed at length, providing the evidence base underpinning current treatment options. Knowledge gaps were identified and a prioritized research agenda was proposed to resolve outstanding controversial issues.

Circulating bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) promote vascular reparative processes and neoangiogenesis, and their number in peripheral blood correlates with endothelial function and cardiovascular risk. We tested the hypothesis that the cytokine erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates EPCs in humans. We studied 11 patients with renal anemia and 4 healthy subjects who received standard doses of recombinant human EPO (rhEPO). Treatment with rhEPO caused a significant mobilization of CD34 ؉ /CD45 ؉ circulating progenitor cells in peripheral blood (measured by flow cytometry), and increased the number of functionally active EPCs (measured by in vitro assay) in patients (week 2, 312% ؎ 31%; week 8, 308% ؎ 40%; both P < .01 versus baseline) as well as in healthy subjects (week 8, 194% ؎ 15%; P < .05 versus baseline). IntroductionStem cell therapy emerges as a promising approach in cardiovascular medicine. Current research focuses on bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which promote vascular reparative processes. [1][2][3] EPCs are considered to originate from CD34-positive (CD34 ϩ ) stem cells. 3 These cells differentiate via separate pathways into erythrocytes, thrombocytes, various lineages of leukocytes, and also endothelial cells. EPCs are found mainly in the bone marrow, but may also circulate in the vasculature where they home and incorporate into sites of active neovascularization. 1,[4][5][6][7] In experimental studies, increased neovascularization by these cells improves cardiac function after myocardial ischemia. [8][9][10] In patients with myocardial infarction, the clinical outcome is strongly correlated to the number of mobilized EPCs from the bone marrow. 11 Thus, the search for substances that modulate the number and/or function of EPCs is a matter of considerable interest. For example, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown to regulate EPC proliferation and differentiation. 12 Erythropoietin (EPO) is a cytokine stimulating erythrocyte differentiation. It is produced mainly in the renal interstitium in response to hypoxic stimuli. Currently the main indication for use of recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) is treatment of anemia due to EPO deficiency in patients with chronic renal failure. EPO also appears to have direct biologic effects on endothelial cells. 13,14 Furthermore, both VEGF and EPO share important activities with respect to neoangiogenesis. 12,15 The main target of both cytokines seems to be the vasculature. 16 Thus, EPO could affect EPC proliferation and differentiation as well.We tested the hypothesis that EPO modulates the number of functionally active EPCs in humans. For this purpose, we assessed circulating CD34 ϩ cells in whole blood using flow cytometry, and the number of functionally active EPCs in an in vitro assay during 8 weeks of treatment with standard rhEPO doses in 11 patients with renal anemia and in 4 healthy subjects. Patients and methods Study participants and protocolThe study protocols were approved by the Hannover Medic...

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT1874431.