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This paper reports on the viral content of up to 52 tissue and organ samples of 18 individual large psittacines which died during an epornithic of Pacheco's parrot disease (PPD) caused by psittacid herpesvirus 1 (PsHV1). Associated clinical signs and pathological lesions are described. The large spectrum of samples found to be positive for PsHVl suggests that birds succumb to PPD during viraemia. Tissues and organs from which the virus could be isolated included the integument and associated structures, the muscular, respiratory and circulatory system, bone marrow, the nervous system, thyroid and adrenal glands, spleen and liver, the urogenital tract and the gastro-intestinal tract. Nevertheless, individual and organ (but not species)-specific variation does occur. Virus isolation appears to be most promising from the respiratory, vascular and nervous system and the liver. Highest titres were obtained from heart blood and liver (up to 7.6 log(10)/g tissue), airsac, Nervus vagus and pulp and quill of pin feathers. Pin feathers may therefore be suitable for in-vivo diagnosis. In contrast, HV could not be isolated from any of the feather vanes examined. For the most part, post mortem lesions do not reflect the organ pattern found to be most permissive for virus replication as judged by the success of virus isolation and virus titres. A closer quantitative correlation is indicated for the lungs, spleen and liver, only. Corresponding findings as to frequency of gross pathological lesions and virus quantification appear to be restricted to the liver. In accordance with clinical observations and experimental findings, tissue virus content indicates that horizontal spread of herpesviruses is mediated by cloacal contents or secretions from the respiratory system.

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Background: Proximal humerus fractures are 5% of all fractures and 80% of all humerus fractures in elderly. Arthroplasty is generally reserved for comminuted Neer"s 3 or 4 part fractures, head split fractures or fracture with significant underlying arthritic changes. The aim of the study is to analyse clinical, radiological and functional outcome of shoulder hemiarthroplasty in non-salvageable proximal humerus fracture. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was carried out in 20 cases of non-salvageable proximal humerus fracture aged above 50 years irrespective of sex. Standard Modular cemented prosthesis were used in all 20 patients. The study was conducted for a period of 15 months and cases were followed up for a period of 6 months. Results: The average age of patient was 62 years with 12 female and 8 were male. Anterior Deltopectoral approach was used as the standard approach for hemiarthroplasty. Modular Hemiarthroplasty prosthesis was inserted with cement. 13 of the 20 patients has shown good results. The range of movement in all 17 patients are satisfactory except for 3 who had poor results but had satisfactory relief of pain. In 3 patients the greater tuberocity failed to unite. Conclusion:Outcome of Hemiarthroplasty is quite satisfactory in elderly if done for fresh traumatic non salvageable proximal humerus fracture without involvement of glenoid and without any unrepairable major rotator cuff injury. Hemiarthroplasty if done within 2 weeks gives better results as there will be less adhesion of soft tissue thus soft tissue repair and their reattachment can be done meticulously. Hemiarthroplasty shoulder done for non-salvageable proximal humerus fractures will provide better stability, early mobilization, lesser stiffness and satisfactory range of motion (ROM) in elderly.