RESUMOEste trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as alterações produzidas por doze adjuvantes em algumas propriedades físico-químicas das caldas de aplicação, sobre a área de molhamento de folhas de soja e sobre a alteração no tamanho de gotas. As avaliações foram realizadas sob condições ambientais controladas em laboratório. Foram utilizadas duas pontas de modelo leque na avaliação da variação do tamanho das gotas: jato plano SF; e com pré-câmara TT. A análise da variação do espalhamento da gota sobre a superfície foliar foi realizada utilizando-se o programa ImageJ. A tensão superficial e a viscosidade das caldas foram mensuradas por metodologias laboratoriais simples como a mensuração da massa de gotas e pelo método de Stokes, respectivamente. Todos os adjuvantes apresentaram redução da tensão superficial da calda. O adjuvante siliconado Break-Thru proporcionou redução na tensão superficial de 3,6 vezes em comparação à água destilada e também apresentou o maior espalhamento da calda sobre a superfície foliar em 13,5 vezes. Entretanto, também apresentou a maior taxa de evaporação da gota. Exceto o adjuvante Break-Tru, todos os adjuvantes apresentaram evaporação semelhante estatisticamente ao controle até aos 30 minutos após a aplicação. O adjuvante Gota Max proporcionou o maior aumento da viscosidade da calda e o adjuvante Hygrogem a maior redução da viscosidade em comparação à água. O uso de adjuvante diminui o tamanho de gota e aumenta o percentual de gotas maiores que 100 µm quando a ponta é do tipo SF de uso padrão. Quando do uso da ponta TT, a adição de adjuvante à calda não impactou em variação do tamanho das gotas ou na variação do índice SPAN, mas aumentou o percentual de gotas menores que 100 µm pelo uso do adjuvante Break-Thru. O uso do adjuvante Gota Max proporcionou maior amplitude relativa quando utilizando a ponta SF.Palavras-chave: gotas, deriva, tecnologia de aplicação. CHANGING THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN THE APPLICATION CONTAINING ADJUVANTS ABSTRACTThis work aimed to evaluate the changes produced by twelve adjuvants in some physicochemical properties of the pesticides application, over the wetting area of soybean leaves and the change in droplet size. The evaluations were conducted under controlled environmental conditions in the laboratory. Two flat fan nozzle models were used to evaluate the variation of the droplet size: SF standard fan nozzle; and TT pre-chamber. The variation analysis of the drop spreading over the leaf surface was performed using ImageJ software. The surface tension and viscosity of the mixtures were measured by simple laboratory * fabiobaio@ufms.br Journal of Biosystems Engineering v. 9(2): 151-161, 2015 152 methods such as the drop mass measurement and Stokes method, respectively. All adjuvants reduced the surface tension of the spray mixture. The adjuvant Break-Thru silicone based gave a reduction in surface tension of 3.6 times compared to distilled water and also showed the highest solution spreading over the leaf surface by 13.5 times. However, it al...
ABSTRACT:The aim of this study was to evaluate a financial analysis by the use of precision agriculture (PA) techniques on cotton crop. The experiment was carried out in a cotton field of 91 ha and its result compared to another field with similar area, cultivated with the conventional agricultural techniques. The financial analysis was extrapolated to the total farm area of 3,500 ha. All agricultural inputs applied, during the 2013/14 cotton crop season were analyzed, as well as their costs. The use of precision agriculture techniques over the cotton crop reduces production costs in 6.6%, increases the profitability index and operating profit in 3.3% and 7.9% respectively, when compared to conventional agriculture. The fertilizer application in variable rate, using precision agriculture, provides 41% of costs reduction with these inputs. Profitability and investment analysis indicators demonstrate economic feasibility and return over investment to both production systems (precision agriculture and conventional) over the cotton crop production, however, the use of precision agriculture techniques shows higher economic viability and smaller return over investment time, even having higher initial costs with machines, sensors and maps production.
Fungicide application for soybean rust control forced farmers to upgrade the techniques of pesticide application. This study aimed to compare the spray deposits obtained by two spray tips, flat fan and twin flat spray tip with air induction, with and without the presence of adjuvant in the tank solution, in three regions of the plant canopy and at two different crop growth stages. The soybean crop evaluated was P98Y11RR at growth stages R1 and R5.2. Leaf deposits of the spray mix containing Rhodamine B as tracer dye were recovered from the canopy stratum and analyzed. The use of double fan spray tip with air induction resulted in higher levels of droplet deposit in the upper canopy stratum of soybean plants in the R1 and R5.2 growth stages, and can also replace the standard flat fan tip with the same level of spray deposits on the lower canopy region. The use of adjuvant increased spray deposits in all sections of the plant, with both spray tips in the R1 growth stage.Key words: spray tips, application technology, tracer dye. RESUMEN La aplicación de fungicidas para el control de roya de la soja obligó a los agricultores a mejorar las técnicas de los métodos de aplicación de plaguicidas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comparar los depósitos de pulverización obtenidos por dos puntas de pulverización, abanico plano y la boquilla de pulverización plana doble con inducción de aire, con y sin la presencia de
O fogo é um instrumento de manejo em diversos tipos de ecossistemas, já que atua como importante agente mineralizador do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar ocomparar o efeito da queima de resíduos sobre as propriedades quimicas do Latossolo vermelho distrófico do Cerrado. O ambiente estudado foi uma lavoura de milho, sendo composta de quatro sistemas de manejo: manejo sem queima de resíduos não revolvimento do solo (SSQNR) e manejo sem queima e revolvimento do solo (SSQR); manejo com queima de resíduos não revolvimento do solo (SCQNR) e queima de resíduos com revolvimento do solo (SCQR). Para a determinação dos atributos químicos, o teor de carbono orgânico e matéria orgânica do solo, foram coletadas amostras de solo na profundidade de 0,0-0,05 e de 0,10-0,20 m. Não houve interação entre os tipos de manejo de solo para os nutrientes K, Al, Ca, Mg, para as relações Ca+Mg, H+Al, matéria orgânica (MO), carbono orgânico (CO) e saturação por Al (m%) em função da queima, houve diferença significativa, entre as camadas do solo para os teores de MO, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Ca+Mg e CO (Tukey, 5%).Palavras-chave: queimada, fertilidade do solo, manejo cultural. EFFECTS OF FIRE IN CHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES OF A RED LATOSOL CERRADO DYSTROPHICABSTRACTFire is a management tool for various types of ecosystems, it acts as an important soil mineralization agent. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of burning under the ground in two areas of cultivation. The study setting was a corn crop, consisting of four management systems: soil without revolved not burning (SSQNR) and upturned soil without burning (SSQR); a soil with no upturned burning (SCQNR) and an upturned soil with burning (SCQR). To determine the chemical properties, organic carbon content and soil organic matter, soil samples were collected in depth from 0.0-0.05 and 0.10-0.20 m. There was no interaction between the types of soil management for nutrients K, Al, Ca, Mg, Ca + Mg for relationships, H + Al, MO, CO and Al saturation (m%). As a function of burning, there was significant difference when used the Tukey test at 5% probability relative depth to the organic matter, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Ca + Mg and CO.Keywords: burned, soil fertility, cultural management. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14583/2318-7670.v04n04a06
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