Satisfactory shields and enclosures for the standard United States Weather Bureau type of rain‐and‐snow gage are essential to the accurate measurement of precipitation by gages placed in open areas. By using a limited number of widely distributed gages, it is usually possible to place them in properly sheltered sites. However, when the number and distribution‐density of the gages are increased, it is often extremely difficult to find suitable exposures. In connection with the watershed‐studies being conducted by the Soil Conservation Service of the United States Department of Agriculture near Coshocton, Ohio, where rain‐and‐snow gages are distributed at intervals of about one‐third mile over privately owned watersheds of several thousand acres area, many gages are necessarily exposed directly to wind‐action. In order that equipment may be developed for improving the catch of gages so exposed, an experimental plot has been established in the watershed‐area and equipped with several standard rain‐and‐snow gages on which various types of shields and enclosures are being tested.
Several types of shields and enclosures were installed on standard non‐recording United States Weather Bureau type rain‐and‐snow gages near Cosnocton, Ohio, during the summer of 1937. The study as originally set up was entirely exploratory in nature, that is, to determine the relative feasibility, ease of operation, cost of installation, and maintenance of the various shields and enclosures, rather than to evaluate precisely their effects upon the catch of the rain‐and‐snow gage. It was hoped that the study would point out one type of shield or enclosure as being most suitable for installation on the large number of rain‐gages located on the watersheds being studied by the Hydrologic Division of the Soil Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. A preliminary report concerning the first five months of record from experimental gages MA to MH, inclusive, and Met. R was presented in the Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, Nineteenth Annual Meeting [see 1 of “References” at end of paper]. Since that time, gages MI, MJ, and MK have been added to the group, and it is believed that sufficient information is now available to justify closing the exploratory study.
This paper presents a correlation between infiltration rates indicated by field infiltrometer tests, and retention as indicated by studies of the difference between storm rainfall and stream flow for the same area. A measure of the least probable retention which will occur concurrently with a maximum possible rainstorm has been an uncertain factor in the derivation of the maximum probable flood for use in determining the inflow design flood for determining reservoir and spillway capacities. The paper presents results of a series of infiltrometer test runs on plots of ground selected as representative of the various soil‐land use complexes to be found under maximum flood hazard conditions in the Kansas River Basin. A comparison is developed between the results of these infiltrometer tests, applied to several storm areas, and the relationship between the retention determined in an analysis of these several storms and the resultant flood runoff. The apparent correlation obtained indicates that infiltration and retention tests can be used successfully to supplement other methods of determining design retention rates and to facilitate the extension and transposition of accepted minimum retention rates to adjacent or comparable drainage areas.
The writers appreciate Jackson's discussion on seismic design aspects of nuclear power plant structures. Although the scope of the present paper does not extend to a comparison of seismic r equirements for the containment with those of the UBC, the i ssue raised is important and deserves comment. The Atomi c Energy Commission is charged with establishing and e nforcing standards for protecting the general public from the harmful effects of nuc lear power plant by-products. Engineers will concur that such protection is e thically and legally necessary. For this reason , extremely conservative methods are empl oyed in establishing the seismic design criteria for safetyrelated (Class I) structures and equipment of nuclear power plants. Structures, equipment and systems not related to nuclear safety are considered to be in an entirely diffe rent category. It would be normally uneconomi cal and, therefore, unwarranted to design these structures and systems to the same stringent seismic requirements as the containment a nd other Class I ite m s , as these structures and systems need not r e main functional e ither for the OBE or DBE, if it can be shown that public health and safety aJanuary, 1971, by Herbert S. Riesbol, James B. Anderson, Fred H. Wend, and Harlan T. Holmes (Proc. Paper 7811). b March, 1971, by Jacob K. Aldersebaes and Karl Wiedner (Proc. Paper 7957).
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