Cosmid clone banks of Rickettsia prowazekii genomic DNA were established in Escherichia coli and screened for expression of the rickettsial carrier-mediated ADP/ATP translocator. Out of 2700 clones screened, a single clone, designated MOB286, accumulated radioactivity when incubated with [a-32P] Uptake of ATP was also temperature-dependent, insensitive to atractyloside, N-ethylmaleimide, and dinitrophenol, and specific for ADP and ATP. Efflux of radiolabeled nucleotide was observed in the presence of extracellular ADP or ATP but not AMP and was not observed in the absence of extracellular adenine nucleotides. The successful cloning and expression of the rickettsial ADP/ATP translocator in E. coli will permit better characterization of rickettsial bioenergetics and of the metabolic regulation of obligate intracellular parasitism.Rickettsia prowazekii, the etiologic agent of epidemic typhus, is an obligate intracellular parasite. Whereas other intracellular bacteria are generally found surrounded by a membrane of host origin, rickettsiae escape quickly from phagocytic vacuoles and grow directly within the cytoplasm (and occasionally the nucleus) of their host cell. Rickettsiae are not leaky, as had been postulated, but possess both usual and unusual transport systems (1-4), most notably, a carriermediated ADP/ATP translocator (1). This activity, similar to that present in mitochondria, permits the exchange of ADP from the rickettsia for ATP present in the host cell's cytoplasm. The carrier is specific for ADP and ATP, operates equally well in either direction, has no energy requirement, and is of an obligatory exchange type-i.e., for every molecule of ATP transported into a rickettsia, a molecule of ADP must be transported from the rickettsia, or vice versa. ADP/ ATP exchange is regulated at least in part by the concentration of inorganic phosphate (5).Characterization of the ADP/ATP translocator is fundamental to gaining an understanding of rickettsial physiology and the regulation thereof. This task is complicated enormously by the difficulty in obtaining large quantities of highly purified rickettsiae due to the required intracellular propagation of these bacteria, usually in embryonated hen eggs. Furthermore, attempts to form membrane vesicles from R. prowazekii, which would be very important in this characterization, have been unsuccessful (unpublished observation). The cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene(s) responsible for ADP/ATP exchange would permit circumvention of these problems. Purification of the translocator would be facilitated immensely, modulation of this activity by various effectors could be studied against a welldefined E. coli physiological background, membrane vesicles could be formed, and gene organization and regulation could be assessed. We report here the cloning in E. coli of a R. prowazekii genetic locus that directs the expression in E. coli of the rickettsial ADP/ATP translocator.