The distress level of parents who had infants with Down syndrome (study parents) was compared to that of control parents of infants without disability (infants were all less than 2 years of age). Data were collected in two independent surveys. We matched subjects case-by-case on socioeconomic status. Analysis of pooled data indicated significantly greater depression for the study parents. However, effect sizes were small, and the prevalence of clinical depression was 5.56% (n = 108) among matched study parents and 4.26% (n = 188) among unmatched study parents. Parenting an infant with Down syndrome may cause less distress than previously thought.
The turn of the 20th century in America was a period of changing gender ideals. The younger generation of women pressed for economic independence and political rights. Men became caught up with the virility and physicality of the new standard of passionate manhood. These gender shifts were reflected in turn-of-the-century American psychology. With men dominating the discipline, the emerging scientific psychology projected the values of the new man. Several examples of this androcentric psychology are reviewed, including the views of such prominent psychologists as G. Stanley Hall, James McKeen Cattell, and William James. There were also a few women psychologists who challenged the androcentric bias by attempting to incorporate the values of the new woman, most notably Mary Whiton Calkins, Helen Thompson Woolley, and Leta Stetter Hollingworth.
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