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ures 1 and 2). These objects have been described previously with regard to their historical and cultural importance (Burckhardt, 1933;Barth, 1990), but not with regard to the materials themselves.Only rarely does a gemologist get the opportunity to examine the stones adorning historical religious items. The investigations of Meixner (1952), CISGEM (1986), Köseoglu (1987), Querré et al. (1996), Bouquillon et al. (1995), Querré et al. (1995), and Scarratt (1998) are notable exceptions. The prudence and concern of museum curators is undoubtedly a major reason why so many important historical and religious pieces of jewelry and other artwork lack precise descriptions of their materials. Another explanation is that the fancy names and historical terminology for gemstones in old inventories are often simply accepted, without taking into account

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