The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of economic status on clinical care provided to Brazilian youths with type 1 diabetes in daily practice, according to the American Diabetes Association's guidelines. This was a cross-sectional, multicenter study conducted between 2008 and 2010 in 28 public clinics in Brazil. Data were obtained from 1,692 patients (55.3 % female, 56.4 % Caucasian), with a mean age of 13 years (range, 1-18), a mean age at diagnosis of 7.1 ± 4 years and diabetes duration of 5 ± 3.7 years. Overall, 75 % of the patients were of a low or very low economic status. HbA1c goals were reached by 23.2 %, LDL cholesterol by 57.9 %, systolic blood pressure by 83.9 % and diastolic blood pressure by 73.9 % of the patients. In total, 20.2 % of the patients were overweight and 9.2 % were obese. Patients from very low economic status were less likely to attend tertiary care level when compared with those from low, medium and high economic status, 64.2 % versus 75.5 % versus 78.3 % and 74.0 %; p < 0.001, respectively. The rate of annual screening for retinopathy, nephropathy and for foot alterations was 66.2, 69.7 and 62.7 %, respectively. Insulin dose, age, very low economic status, daily frequency of self-blood glucose monitoring and female gender were independently associated with poor glycemic control. Screening for diabetic complications and attaining glucose, lipid and blood pressure goals present a challenge for young Brazilian type 1 diabetes patients. The low economic status of the majority of our patients may represent a barrier to reaching these goals.
BackgroundTo determine the characteristics of clinical care offered to type 1 diabetic patients across the four distinct regions of Brazil, with geographic and contrasting socioeconomic differences. Glycemic control, prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, screening for chronic complications and the frequency that the recommended treatment goals were met using the American Diabetes Association guidelines were evaluated.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional, multicenter study conducted from December 2008 to December 2010 in 28 secondary and tertiary care public clinics in 20 Brazilian cities in north/northeast, mid-west, southeast and south regions. The data were obtained from 3,591 patients (56.0% females and 57.1% Caucasians) aged 21.2 ± 11.7 years with a disease duration of 9.6 ± 8.1 years (<1 to 50 years).ResultsOverall, 18.4% patients had HbA1c levels <7.0%, and 47.5% patients had HbA1c levels ≥ 9%. HbA1c levels were associated with lower economic status, female gender, age and the daily frequency of self-blood glucose monitoring (SBGM) but not with insulin regimen and geographic region. Hypertension was more frequent in the mid-west (32%) and north/northeast (25%) than in the southeast (19%) and south (17%) regions (p<0.001). More patients from the southeast region achieved LDL cholesterol goals and were treated with statins (p<0.001). Fewer patients from the north/northeast and mid-west regions were screened for retinopathy and nephropathy, compared with patients from the south and southeast. Patients from the south/southeast regions had more intensive insulin regimens than patients from the north/northeast and mid-west regions (p<0.001). The most common insulin therapy combination was intermediate-acting with regular human insulin, mainly in the north/northeast region (p<0.001). The combination of insulin glargine with lispro and glulisine was more frequently used in the mid-west region (p<0.001). Patients from the north/northeast region were younger, non-Caucasian, from lower economic status, used less continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, performed less SBGM and were less overweight/obese (p<0.001).ConclusionsA majority of patients, mainly in the north/northeast and mid-west regions, did not meet metabolic control goals and were not screened for diabetes-related chronic complications. These results should guide governmental health policy decisions, specific to each geographic region, to improve diabetes care and decrease the negative impact diabetes has on the public health system.
RESUMOO diabetes mellitus (DM) tipo 1 é associado a complicações crônicas micro e macrovasculares. Propusemo-nos a estudar a associação entre nefropatia (ND) e retinopatia diabéticas (RD), e destas com variáveis clínico-laboratoriais em portadores de DM tipo 1 acompanhados em um centro universitário. Realizou-se um estudo transversal através de análise de prontuários. Foram estudados 81 pacientes; a prevalência de RD foi 21,0% e de ND, 35,8%; houve associação entre ambas. Os portadores de ND e RD possuíam maior tempo de DM, maior prevalência de hipertensão, pior controle glicêmico e LDL colesterol mais elevado. A taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) foi associada ao tempo de DM, hipertensão e albuminúria. Identificou-se menor TFG nos portadores de complicações microvasculares, principalmente naqueles com lesões avançadas. Concluímos que, em nosso estudo com portadores de DM tipo 1, houve associação entre RD, ND e TFG, sendo tempo de DM e hipertensão variáveis associadas de forma independente. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) is linked to micro and macrovascular longterm complications. We proposed to study the association between diabetic nephropathy (DN) and retinopathy (DR), and of these complications with clinical-laboratory variables in type 1 DM patients followed in a universitary center. It was a transversal study through medical registry analysis. We studied 81 patients; prevalence of DR was 21.0% and of DN was 35.8%, there was association between the complications. Carriers of DN and DR have greater DM duration, greater hypertension prevalence, worse glycemic control and greater LDL cholesterol. It was found reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in patients with microvascular complications, mainly in the ones with advanced lesions. In our study there was association between DR, ND and GFR, DM duration and hypertension were independently associated variables.
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