To ensure the semantic equivalence of the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS)-Spanish Version, multiple methods were used, including back-translation, the committee approach, pretest techniques, and alternate forms equivalence. The back-translation process involved eight translators who represented the four predominant Hispanic groups in the United States. In the committee approach the Hispanic translators convened together to discuss the results of the back-translations and to come to group consensus on problematic items. In pretesting the PDSS-Spanish Version was field-tested with five Hispanic mothers, and it was determined that it accurately captured the connotative meanings of the screening scale. Alternate forms equivalence of the two language versions of the PDSS was assessed with a sample of 30 bilingual Hispanic mothers. Alpha reliability estimates ranged from 0.94 to 0.99. Though lengthy, this systematic procedure was needed to guarantee the production of a fully equivalent linguistic version of the PDSS. ß

The model tested was able to explain modest levels of self-efficacy, particularly in 2 of the most important diabetes management areas, insulin and diet management.

This paper presents the results of factor and regression analyses conducted on the Cultural Self-Efficacy Scale to determine the underlying conceptual structure, and relationship to demographic variables. The Cultural Self-Efficacy Scale was first used with a sample of 190 community health nurses in Connecticut. It has an estimated total scale internal consistency of .97. In 1988, data were collected to examine cross-cultural self-efficacy of nurses working in a variety of settings, including health departments. The principal factor analysis revealed a four factor structure that is conceptually meaningful. Taken together, the four factors accounted for 90% of the total scale variance. Regression analyses showed significant relationships between perceptions of efficacy and demographic variables of race, education, and experience.

No abstract