We analyze a network constructed from tokens developed on Ethereum platform. We collect a large data set of ERC-20 token prices; the total market capitalization of the token set is 50.2 billion (10 9 ) US dollars. The token set includes 541 tokens; each one of them has a market capitalization of 1 million US dollars or more. We construct and analyze the networks based on cross-correlation of tokens' returns. We find that the degree distributions of the resulting graphs do not follow the power law degree distribution. We cannot find any hierarchical structures nor groupings of ERC-20 tokens in our analysis.
Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is a popular topic in blockchain and cryptocurrency world in the early 2020s, but cryptocurrencies have not yet become Decentralized Payment Systems (DPS), because of the high volatility of bitcoin and many of the altcoins. We investigated a proposed method to form a non-collateralized stablecoin called the Morini's Scheme of Inv&Sav wallets. We figured out two equations to do the rebasement for the Inv wallet balances and then compared the results. We found the second rebasement method to be more fair to the agents, but we found the issue of negative balances with both of the methods. We proposed novel solutions to overcome these issues. One of the proposed solutions was to freeze some of the money in Sav wallet if there is a negative balance in the Inv wallet. The another proposed solution was to introduce two-money economy of money and antimoney to i) turn the current centralized token distribution model decentralized, ii) make transactions more probable even if agents do not have enough money funds; this could be seen as a decentralized version of credit cards.
According to recent estimates, one bitcoin transaction consumes as much energy as 1.5 million Visa transactions. Why is bitcoin using so much energy? Most of the energy is used during the bitcoin mining process, which serves at least two significant purposes: a) distributing new cryptocurrency coins to the cryptoeconomy and b) securing the Bitcoin blockchain ledger. In reality, the comparison of bitcoin transactions to Visa transactions is not that simple. The amount of transactions in the Bitcoin network is not directly connected to the amount of bitcoin mining power nor the energy consumption of those mining devices; for example, it is possible to multiply the number of bitcoin transactions per second without increasing the mining power and the energy consumption. Bitcoin is not only "digital money for hackers". It has very promising future potential as a global reserve currency and a method to make the World Wide Web (WWW) immune to cyberattacks such as the Distributed Denial-of-Service attacks. This survey approached cryptocurrencies' various technological and environmental issues from many different perspectives. To make various cryptocurrencies, including bitcoin (BTC) and ether (ETH), greener and more justified, what technological solutions do we have? We found that cryptocurrency mining might be cleaner than is generally expected. There is also a plan to make a vast renewable energy source available by combining Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Bitcoin mining. There are plans to use unconventional computing methods (quantum computing, reversible computing, ternary computing, optical computing, analog computing) to solve some of the issues regarding the vast energy consumption of conventional computing (including cryptocurrency mining). We think using spare computing cycles for grid computing efforts is justified. For example, there are billions of smartphones in the world. Many smartphones are being recharged every day. If this daily recharging period of twenty to sixty minutes would be used for grid computing, for example, finding new cures to cancer, it would probably be a significant breakthrough for medical research simulations. We call cryptocurrency communities to research and develop grid computing and unconventional computing methods for the most significant cryptocurrencies: bitcoin (BTC) and ether (ETH).
Cryonics is a form of biostasis that uses ultra-low temperatures (usually around -196 °C) to preserve the ultrastructures of the brain and body to prevent a being’s information-theoretic death. After about 60 years of the first cryopreservation of a human being, cryonics is still not a common practice. We discuss some new strategies to make cryonics popular.
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