Gas fermentation offers both fossil carbon-free sustainable production of fuels and chemicals and recycling of gaseous and solid waste using gas-fermenting microbes. Bioprocess development, systems-level analysis of biocatalyst metabolism, and engineering of cell factories are advancing the widespread deployment of the commercialised technology. Acetogens are particularly attractive biocatalysts but effects of the key physiological parameter–specific growth rate (μ)—on acetogen metabolism and the gas fermentation bioprocess have not been established yet. Here, we investigate the μ-dependent bioprocess performance of the model-acetogen Clostridium autoethanogenum in CO and syngas (CO + CO2+H2) grown chemostat cultures and assess systems-level metabolic responses using gas analysis, metabolomics, transcriptomics, and metabolic modelling. We were able to obtain steady-states up to μ ∼2.8 day−1 (∼0.12 h−1) and show that faster growth supports both higher yields and productivities for reduced by-products ethanol and 2,3-butanediol. Transcriptomics data revealed differential expression of 1,337 genes with increasing μ and suggest that C. autoethanogenum uses transcriptional regulation to a large extent for facilitating faster growth. Metabolic modelling showed significantly increased fluxes for faster growing cells that were, however, not accompanied by gene expression changes in key catabolic pathways for CO and H2 metabolism. Cells thus seem to maintain sufficient “baseline” gene expression to rapidly respond to CO and H2 availability without delays to kick-start metabolism. Our work advances understanding of transcriptional regulation in acetogens and shows that faster growth of the biocatalyst improves the gas fermentation bioprocess.

Genetically homogeneous bacterial cultures contain persisters, cells that are not killed by bactericidal antibiotics. These cells are suggested to be involved in the establishment of chronic infections. Persister levels depend on growth conditions. Here, we discuss the parameters that have to be considered when measuring persister levels and provide a sample protocol to do it.

Microbes able to convert gaseous one-carbon (C1) waste feedstocks are of growing importance in transitioning to the biosustainable production of renewable chemicals and fuels. Acetogens are particularly interesting biocatalysts since gas fermentation usingClostridium autoethanogenumhas already been commercialised. Most non-commercial acetogen strains, however, need complex nutrients, display slow growth, and are not sufficiently robust for routine bioreactor fermentations. In this work, we used three adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) strategies to evolve the wild-type model-acetogenC. autoethanogenumto grow faster, without complex nutrients and to be robust in operation of continuous bioreactor cultures. Seven evolved strains with improved phenotypes were isolated on minimal medium with one strain, named "LAbrini" (LT1), exhibiting superior performance in terms of the maximum specific growth rate, product profile, and robustness in continuous cultures. Differing performance of the strains between bottle batch and continuous cultures shows the importance of testing novel strains in industrially relevant continuous fermentation conditions. Interestingly, a very distinct transcriptome profile linked to a potential CO toxicity phenotype was observed in bioreactor cultures for one evolved strain. Whole-genome sequencing of the seven evolved strains identified 25 mutations with two genomic regions under stronger evolutionary pressure. Our analysis also suggests that the genotypic changes that are potentially responsible for the improved phenotypes may serve as useful candidates for metabolic engineering of cell factories. This work provides the robustC. autoethanogenumstrain LAbrini to the academic community to speed up phenotyping and genetic engineering, improve quantitative characterisation of acetogen metabolism, and facilitate the generation of high-quality steady-state datasets.

Gas fermentation offers both fossil carbon-free sustainable production of fuels and chemicals and recycling of gaseous and solid waste using gas-fermenting microbes. Bioprocess development, systems-level analysis of biocatalyst metabolism, and engineering of cell factories are advancing the widespread deployment of the commercialised technology. Acetogens are particularly attractive biocatalysts but effects of the key physiological parameter – specific growth rate (μ) – on acetogen metabolism and the gas fermentation bioprocess have not been established yet. Here, we investigate the (μ-dependent bioprocess performance of the model-acetogen Clostridium autoethanogenum in CO and syngas (CO+CO2+H2) grown chemostat cultures and assess systems-level metabolic responses using gas analysis, metabolomics, transcriptomics, and metabolic modelling. We were able to obtain steady-states up to μ ~2.8 day-1 (~0.12 h-1) and show that faster growth supports both higher yields and productivities for reduced by-products ethanol and 2,3-butanediol. Transcriptomics data revealed differential expression of 1,337 genes with increasing (μ) and suggest that C. autoethanogenum uses transcriptional regulation to a large extent for facilitating faster growth. Metabolic modelling showed significantly increased fluxes for faster growing cells that were, however, not accompanied by gene expression changes in key catabolic pathways for CO and H2 metabolism. Cells thus seem to maintain sufficient 'baseline' gene expression to rapidly respond to CO and H2 availability without delays to kick-start metabolism. Our work advances understanding of transcriptional regulation in acetogens and shows that faster growth of the biocatalyst improves the gas fermentation bioprocess.