Despite the benefits that market segmentation could provide to marketers, it is uncertain to what extend market segmentation research informs decisions about marketing strategy in the tourism industry in Africa. The purpose of this paper is to appraise the incidence of market segmentation research in this context. Market segmentation is used to demarcate a broad market into smaller segments to enable the formulation of marketing strategies based on segment needs. A review of journal articles with market segmentation in the tourism industry in the African context as focus area is provided. While research in this context is available, recommendations are made about possible market segmentation research focus areas in the tourism industry in an African context.

The increase in energy demand coupled with the depletion of fossil fuels has increased the need for renewable and sustainable energy sources. Butter waste effluent was identified as a possible feedstock for biodiesel. The effects of the temperature, alcohol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration and the reaction time were investigated to determine the optimal reaction conditions of the transesterification reaction. The optimal reaction conditions according to the results were 50°C, 6:1 alcohol to oil molar ratio, 1.0 to 1.2 wt% catalyst loads and a reaction time of 60 to 90 min. Different methods of purification were investigated in an attempt to decrease waste of a biodiesel plant, including the dry washing agents, Magnesol ® D-SOL TM and Purolite ® PD-206. The Magnesol ® D-SOL TM was found to be the optimum method for lowering the water content and the acid value of the fuel. The biodiesel was tested according to the SANS 1935:2011 standard and did not meet the requirements of the standard with regard to flash point, sulphur content, carbon residue, oxidation stability, free glycerol, total glycerol and cold filter plugging point. In order for the biodiesel to be suitable for commercial use, it should be blended with mineral diesel.Key words: Transesterification, butter waste, biodiesel purification, reaction kinetics. INTRODUCTIONWith the ever-increasing world population, there is an increasing demand for energy (BP, 2012; United Nations, 2011). The increasing energy demand is putting a strain on the fossil fuel reserves and therefore increasing fuel prices. The need for sustainable, renewable fuel sources cannot be emphasised enough. Biofuels have been investigated as an alternative to fossil fuels. The feedstock for biofuels has changed during the last years from edible to non-edible, and finally to waste sources. The change was driven by the food versus fuel debate, that is, the unethical use of food for fuel (Ewing and Msangi, 2009). The use of waste fats and oils for biodiesel has been the focus of recent research. The waste from a butter factory in Frankfort (Free State Province, South Africa) was identified as a possible feedstock for biodiesel production. The waste is produced during cleaning processes. The effluent (a mixture of oil and water) from the factory is collected in a settling pit. The water is separated from the oil and discarded into the municipal sewerage. The oil is removed and stored. Fines are issued by the municipality for dumping fat in the sewerage system in an effort to reduce the environmental impact of the industries in the area. Pereira et al. (2003) observed toxic conditions in sediments which were polluted with linseed and sunflower oil. The waste should thus be disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner and this increases the production cost.The fatty waste can be used to produce biodiesel, which can in turn be used to fuel machinery at the factory. This will decrease the overall production cost of the factory by decreasing disposal costs and operating costs. The...

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