The particle size composition of grinding products will significantly affect the technical and economic indexes of subsequent separation operations. The polymetallic complex ores from Tongkeng and Gaofeng are selected as the research object in this paper. Through the JK drop-weight test, the batch grinding test, and the population-balance kinetic model of grinding with the Simulink platform, the grinding characteristics of the two types of ores and the particle-size-composition prediction methods of grinding products are studied. The results show that the impact-crushing capacity of Tongkeng ore and Gaofeng ore are “medium” grade and “soft” grade, respectively. The crushing resistance of Tongkeng ore increases with the decrease in particle size, and the crushing effect is more easily affected by particle size than that of Gaofeng ore. For the same ore, the accuracy order of the three methods is: PSO–BP method > JK drop-weight method > BIII method. For the same method, only the BIII method has higher accuracy in predicting Gaofeng ore than Tongkeng ore, and other methods have better accuracy in predicting Tongkeng ore than Gaofeng ore. The prediction accuracy of the BIII method is inferior to that of the JK drop-weight method and the PSO–BP method and is easily affected by the difference in mineral properties. The PSO–BP method has a high prediction accuracy and fast model operation speed, but the accuracy and speed of the iterative results are easily affected by parameters such as algorithm program weight and threshold. The parameter-solving process of each prediction method is based on different simplifications and assumptions. Therefore, appropriate hypothetical theoretical models should be selected according to different ore properties for practical application.
Grinding plays an important role in mining, construction, metallurgy, chemical, coal and other basic industries. In terms of beneficiation, grinding is the most energy consuming operation. So, reasonable grinding conditions according to the properties of ores is the key to obtain good grinding results and reduce energy consumption and resource waste. In this paper, Tongkeng and Gaofeng polymetallic complex ores are taken as research objects, and the effects of grinding law based on single factor condition test and the grinding parameters optimization based on response surface method were studied for two kinds of ores. The results show that grinding time is a significant factor affecting the particle size composition. The suitable grinding concentration of Tongkeng ore and Gaofeng ore is 70% and 75%, respectively. The effect of mill filling ratio on Gaofeng ore is not obvious. The rotational rate has little effect on the grinding technical efficiency. The regression model equations obtained by response surface method are extremely significant, and the relative errors of prediction are all within 1%, indicating high reliability of fitting equations. The order of influencing factors of the two ores is as follows: grinding time > filling ratio > grinding concentration. For Tongkeng ore, the optimized grinding conditions are grinding time 5.4 min, grinding concentration 67% and filling ratio 35%. For Gaofeng ore, the optimized grinding conditions are grinding time 3.8 min, grinding concentration 73% and filling ratio 34%.
Gossan discarded from mining processes result in metal resource wastage, and its long-term stacking causes environmental hazards. Therefore, this article considers zinc-containing gossan as the research object. The ore was roasted to prepare primary zinc ferrite products and sulfuric acid leaching was performed for purification. Then, XRD analysis was performed to characterize the purified products. The results indicated that the effect of sulfuric acid concentration on the purification of the products was related to its zinc ferrite content. Furthermore, the effect of leaching temperature on the purification of zinc ferrite products was related to sulfuric acid concentration; the lower the sulfuric acid concentration, the more considerable the effect of leaching temperature. The conditions suitable for purifying the products through sulfuric acid leaching are as follows: sulfuric acid concentration of 140 g/L, liquid–solid ratio of 4:1, leaching temperature of 80 °C, leaching time of 120 min, and stirring speed of 300 rpm. This article determines the factors affecting the purification of zinc ferrite by sulfuric acid leaching along with the optimal purification conditions. The findings presented herein provide a theoretical foundation for the development of new processes for preparing zinc ferrite, which has considerable industrial application value.
Based on the JK Drop Weight test and principle of selective crushing, a multicomponent complex ore with its component minerals, i.e., pyrrhotite, sphalerite, and quartz, was used to explore the impact crushing characteristics and relationship between the complex ore and its component minerals. Results show that the order of impact crushing resistance is quartz > pyrrhotite > ore > sphalerite. The particle-size-distribution characteristic curve of ore crushing products is always “sandwiched” between the curves of pyrrhotite, sphalerite, and quartz within the same feed-size range. When the particle size is −63 + 53, −45 + 37.5, −31.5 + 26.5, and −22.4 + 19 mm, the component mineral pyrrhotite has a negative effect on the impact crushing of ore, while the component mineral sphalerite has a positive effect. When the particle size is −16 + 13.2 mm, the component mineral pyrrhotite has a positive effect on the crushing effect of the ore, while the component mineral sphalerite has a negative effect. The component mineral quartz always has a negative effect on the impact crushing effect of ore in all the studied particle sizes.
This study focuses on the comprehensive recycling and utilization of zinc ferrite, a by-product of wet zinc refining, for the treatment of azo dye wastewater. It explores the adsorption performance of various materials on Amido Black 10B and analyzes the factors that influence the adsorption process. Zinc ferrite derived from the by-products of wet zinc refining, zinc ferrite synthesized via calcination, and titanium dioxide prepared using the sol–gel method are utilized as adsorbents, specifically targeting Amido Black 10B. By adjusting factors such as calcination temperature, mixing ratio, initial pH, adsorbent dosage, adsorption time, initial concentration, and reaction temperature, the effects on the adsorption of Amido Black 10B are studied. Additionally, the performance of composite materials consisting of different crystalline forms of titanium dioxide and purified zinc ferrite is examined. Furthermore, the adsorption process of Amido Black 10B by purified zinc ferrite/titanium dioxide is analyzed in terms of kinetics and thermodynamics. The results show that titanium dioxide and purified zinc ferrite, prepared at temperatures of 300 °C to 550 °C, achieve over 90% removal efficiency when co-adsorbing Amido Black 10B. The best performance is observed at a ratio of 4:6 for purified zinc ferrite to titanium dioxide, with removal efficiency exceeding 80%. The second-order kinetic model fits the adsorption data well, and higher initial solution concentrations lead to decreased adsorption rates. The adsorption process of purified zinc ferrite/titanium dioxide on Amido Black 10B is spontaneous, exothermic, and reduces system disorder. Higher temperatures negatively impact the adsorption process.
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