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a b s t r a c tIn the past, the utilization of the limb prosthesis has improved the daily life of amputees or patients with movement disorders. However, a leg-amputee has to take a series of training after wearing a limb prosthesis, and the training results determine whether a patient can use the limb prosthesis correctly in her/his daily life. Limb prosthesis vendors thus desire to offer the leg-amputee a complete and wellorganized training process, but they often fail to do so owing to the factors such as the limited support of human resource and financial condition of the amputee. This work proposes a prosthesis training system that the amputees can borrow or buy from the limb prosthesis vendors and train themselves at home. Instant feedback messages provided by the prosthesis training system are used to correct their walking postures during the self-training process. An embedded chip is used as a core to establish a body area sensor network for the prosthesis training system. RFID readers and tags are employed to acquire the 3D positioning information of the amputee's limbs in this work to assist in diagnosing the amputee's walking problem. A series of simulations were conducted and the simulation results exhibit the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed prosthesis training system.

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Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is a novel networking paradigm to explore aqueous environments. The characteristics of mobile UWSNs, such as low communication bandwidth, large propagation delay, floating node mobility, and high error probability, are significantly different from terrestrial wireless sensor networks. Energy-efficient communication protocols are thus urgently demanded in mobile UWSNs. In this paper, we develop a novel clustering algorithm that combines the ideas of energy-efficient cluster-based routing and applicationspecific data aggregation to achieve good performance in terms of system lifetime, and application-perceived quality. The proposed clustering technique organizes sensor nodes into direction-sensitive clusters, with one node acting as the head of each cluster, in order to fit the unique characteristic of up/down transmission direction in UWSNs. Meanwhile, the concept of self-healing is adopted to avoid excessively frequent re-clustering owing to the disruption of individual clusters. The self-healing mechanism significantly enhances

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