The development of rapid and sensitive methods for the detection of immunogenic tumor-associated antigen is important not only for understanding their roles in cancer immunology but also for the development of clinical diagnostics. Alpha-enolase (ENO1), a p48 molecule, is widely distributed in a variety of tissues, whereas gamma-enolase (ENO2) and beta-enolase (ENO3) are found exclusively in neuron/neuroendocrine and muscle tissues, respectively. Because ENO1 has been correlated with small cell lung cancer, nonsmall cell lung cancer, and head and neck cancer, it can be used as a potential diagnostic marker for lung cancer. In this study, we developed a simple, yet novel and sensitive, electrochemical sandwich immunosensor for the detection of ENO1; it operates through physisorption of anti-ENO1 monoclonal antibody on polyethylene glycol-modified disposable screen-printed electrode as the detection platform, with polyclonal secondary anti-ENO1-tagged, gold nanoparticle (AuNP) congregates as electrochemical signal probes. The immunorecognition of the sample ENO1 by the congregated AuNP@antibody occurred on the surface of the electrodes; the electrochemical signal from the bound AuNP congregates was obtained after oxidizing them in 0.1 M HCl at 1.2 V for 120 s, followed by the reduction of AuCl(4-) in square wave voltammetry (SWV) mode. The resulting sigmoidally shaped dose-response curves possessed a linear dynamic working range from 10(-8) to 10(-12) g/mL. This AuNP congregate-based assay provides an amplification approach for detecting ENO1 at trace levels, leading to a detection limit as low as 11.9 fg (equivalent to 5 microL of a 2.38 pg/mL solution).

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An efficient and convenient procedure for the preparation of 2-amino-(1,4)-benzoquinone-4-phenylimides from anilines using a l 5 -iodane-1-hydroxy-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one-1-oxide (IBX) oxidation in dimethyl sulfoxide is described. This protocol offers a general approach to compounds consisting of an iminoquinone moiety with a wide range of functional groups. A single electron transfer (SET) process was postulated to explain the oxidation pathway.

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A synthetic investigation on oxidation of anilines to 2amino-1,4-benzoquinone-4-phenylimides via Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP) was carried out. This facile protocol offered the advantage of short reaction times, mild reaction conditions, high yields and compatibility with a wide range of functional groups.

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Oxazolidin-2-one was found to be a versatile and efficient ligand for the CuI-catalyzed amidation of aryl halides and the cyclization of ortho-halobenzanilides. Notably, the less active halides could also be applied successfully in the synthesis of benzoxazoles and benzothiazoles.