Elastography can detect prostate cancer foci within the prostate with good accuracy and has potential to increase ultrasound-based PCa detection. Further studies need to be done to approve these data and to evaluate whether tumor detection can be increased by elastography-guided biopsies.
• Up staging to muscle invasive disease occurred in 45.9% (n = 592) of 1,291 patients with clinical ≤ T1, including 30.6% of patients with Tis only at transurethral resection.• Of the 3,166 patients with clinically organ confined (OC) tumor stage, 1,357 (42.9%) were up staged to non-organ confined pathologic tumor stage.• Within each clinical stage stratum, patients who were clinically under staged had a higher probability of disease relapse or death from UCB compared to those who were same staged or down staged on pathologic examination ( P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS• We identified clinical under staging in half of the patients undergoing radical cystectomy for UCB.• Up staging resulted in a higher likelihood of disease progression and eventual death from UCB.• These findings should be considered when utilizing pre-operative risk-adapted strategies for selecting candidates for neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
KEYWORDSbladder cancer, survival, radical cystectomy, stage, migration, discrepancy
What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Observations from small retrospective studies have indicated that a considerable number of patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer experience a stage migration (either upstaging or downstaging) when comparing clinical and pathological staging. In addition, it is unclear if pathological upstaging is an adverse prognostic feature independent of pathological stage.We report the frequency of upstaging and downstaging using a large, international multicentre cohort of patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Our findings indicate that pathological upstaging is not an independent adverse prognostic feature when considering pathological stage.
Study Type -Prognosis (case series) Level of Evidence 4
OBJECTIVE• To compare the clinical and pathologic stage among a large, multi-institutional series of patients undergoing radical and to determine the effect of stage discrepancy on outcomes.
PATIENTS AND METHODS• Data was collected from nine centers and 3,393 patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) treated with radical cystectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy without neo-adjuvant chemotherapy.• A retrospective cohort design was used to assess the percentage of patients experiencing stage discrepancy and the impact of stage discrepancy on time to disease relapse and time to death from UCB.
RESULTS• Clinical under staging occurred in 50% of patients and pathologic down staging occurred in 18% of patients.
represents an independent predictor of CSM, and whether HS adds to the ability of other variables to predict CSM. The covariates comprised age, year of surgery, T stage, nodal status, M stage and Fuhrman grade.
RESULTSIn a multivariable model predicting CSM, HS was an independent predictor ( P = 0.03), but failed to improve the accuracy of the model ( + 0.1% gain when HS was included in the model).
CONCLUSIONAlthough we confirmed that HS is an independent predictor for CSM, there was no gain in accuracy when HS was added to standard predictors of CSM. From a practical perspective, this implies that patients with clear cell, papillary and chromophobe HS share similar natural histories after nephrectomy, provided that other cancer characteristics are accounted for. From a statistical perspective, in multivariable models of CSM, the clear cell, papillary and chromophobe HS might be included as a single entity.
Study Type – Therapy (outcomes research)
Level of Evidence 2b
What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?
In the current literature, cT3 stage, biopsy Gleason > 8, PSA > 20 ng/ml, and D’Amico high‐risk category are frequently used definitions of high‐risk prostate cancer.
Patients with clinically localized high‐risk prostate cancer do not have a uniformly poor prognosis after surgery. The rates of favourable pathological characteristics and biochemical‐recurrence free survival vary depending on the definition used for high‐risk prostate cancer.
OBJECTIVE
• To investigate the pathological characteristics and the rates of biochemical recurrence (BCR) ‐free survival after radical prostatectomy (RP) in men with high‐risk prostate cancer.
METHODS
• Of 4760 patients treated with RP for prostate cancer at three institutions, 293 patients (6.2%) had clinical stage T3, 269 (5.7%) had a biopsy Gleason sum ≥ 8, 370 (7.8%) had preoperative PSA ≥ 20 ng/mL and 887 (18.6%) were considered high‐risk according to the D’Amico classification (clinical stage ≥ T2c or prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) ≥ 20 ng/mL or biopsy Gleason sum ≥ 8).
• Actuarial BCR‐free survival probabilities after RP and the rate of favourable pathology (organ‐confined cancer, negative surgical margin and Gleason ≤ 7) were assessed.
RESULTS
• Median follow up was 2.4 years and 1179 (24.8%) patients had follow up beyond 5 years.
• The rate of favourable pathology increased in the following order: clinical stage T3 (13.7%), biopsy Gleason ≥ 8 (16.4%), the D’Amico high‐risk group (21.4%) and PSA ≥ 20 ng/mL (21.6%).
• The 5‐year BCR‐free survival probabilities were 35.4% for Gleason ≥ 8, 39.8% for PSA ≥ 20 ng/mL, 47.4% for D’Amico high‐risk group and 51.6% for clinical stage T3.
• Patients with only one risk factor had the most favourable 5‐year BCR‐free survival (50.3%), relative to patients with two or more risk factors (27.5%)
CONCLUSIONS
• Men with clinically localized high‐risk prostate cancer do not have a uniformly poor prognosis after RP.
• The rate of favourable pathology and of BCR‐free survival may vary substantially, depending on the definition used.
• RP should be considered a valid treatment modality for high‐risk prostate cancer patients, as many can be surgically down‐staged.
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