is an International, peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes original article in experimental & clinical medicine and related disciplines such as molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, biophysics, bio-and medical technology. JMS is issued four times per year on paper and in electronic format.

CYP1A1 gene, a carcinogenic metabolisms enzymes encoded gene, was previously found to be detected in pterygium tissue. We aimed to determine the association between CYP1A1m1 (rs4646903) polymorphisms with CYP1A1 enzymes, p53 protein, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level in patients with inflammatory and non-inflammatory pterygium. DNA isolation was performed from a blood sample of 70 pterygium patients consisting of 35 inflammatory and 35 non-inflammatory pterygia. Rs 4646903 SNP Genotyping T> C (m1) in the CYP1A1 gene was performed using restriction fragment length polymorphisms-PCR (RFLP-PCR). PCR products confirmed and sent to Macrogen, South Korea for sequencing. Polymorphism results are characterized as wild type (TT), mutant homozygote (TC), and mutant heterozygote (CC). CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms consist of mutant heterozygote (TC), mutant homozygote (CC) and wild type (TT). In both groups, the heterozygote mutant was higher than the wild type and mutant homozygote. The CYP1A1 enzyme level was higher in inflammatory pterygium, P53 protein levels were higher in the non-inflammatory group, and VEGF levels were higher in the inflammatory group. CYP1A1 polymorphisms were not associated with CYP1A1 enzyme levels, p53 protein levels, and VEGF in both groups. CYP1A1 gene polymorphism has not been shown to be associated with levels of CYP1A1 enzymes, p53 and VEGF in both pterygium groups.

Introduction: Eyelid reconstruction after excision of carcinoma can be challenging due to the dynamic movement and anatomy of the eyelid. Flap and graft are choices of techniques to fill and repair broad eyelid defects. Significant lower eyelid defects can typically be closed using skin flaps and grafts to substantiate the posterior lamella. This study aims to describe three cases with lower eyelid reconstruction and evaluate the outcome of the surgery. Case presentation: There are three cases of lower eyelid reconstruction reported in this study. In cases 1 and 2, the surgical procedures need graft for posterior lamellae reconstruction. In case 3, the reconstruction process only required a rotational flap. All patients are in good aesthetic and functional outcomes.  Conclusion: Combination of skin flap (transposition and rotational flap) and graft (oral mucosa and transconjunctival) and only rotational flap can achieve favorable functional and aesthetic outcomes in wide excision of carcinoma.

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted teaching in a variety of institutions, especially in medical schools. Electronic learning (e-learning) became the core method of teaching the curriculum during the pandemic. This study explores the clerkship medical student's perspective toward the e-learning method during the COVID-19 pandemic period in the

Evisceration and enucleation have been acceptable therapeutic modalities to treat not only severe ocular trauma but also various ocular conditions, such as intraocular tumors, endophthalmitis, and blind-painful-cosmetically disfiguring eyes, over the last two centuries. Clinical indications and choices of procedure, whether enucleation or evisceration, vary among institutions, surgeon experience, and severity of structure loss. In the past, enucleation has been preferred by most surgeons for various reasons, including the fear of sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) after evisceration. Despite the possibility of causing SO, anophthalmic socket also has complications, including superior sulcus defect, conjunctival surface changes, implant exposure, fornix/socket contraction, and eyelid malposition. This literature review will discuss indication, technique, and decision with regard to enucleation or evisceration after ocular trauma.

Background and Objective: CYP1A1 gene, which has role in carcinogenic metabolisms, is also detected in pterygium tissue. The aim of the study is to determine the polymorphisms of CYP1A1 m2 (rs1048943) and m4 (rs1799814) gene and its correlation with clinical variant of the pterygium. Methods: DNA isolation was performed from blood sample of 80 pterygium patients consisting of 40 inflammatory and 40 non-inflammatory pterygium. Genotyping of rs1048943 SNP AG (m2) in the CYP1A1 gene was performed using Alel Specific Polymerase Chain reaction (AS-PCR) and rs1048943) SNP Genotyping was performed using PCR. Polymorphism results are characterized as wild type (AA), mutant homozygote (GG), and mutant heterozygote (AG). Results: CYP1A1 m2 and m4 gene polymorphism consist of wild type (AA), mutant homozygote (GG), and mutant heterozygote (AG). Both CYP1A1 m2 and m4 genes polymorphism of both groups of inflammatory and non-inflammatory pterygium was mostly consist of wild type polymorphism, followed by the mutant heterozygote polymorphism. The wild type polymorphism was found to be higher in inflammatory pterygium, meanwhile the mutant heterozygote was found to be higher in non-inflammatory pterygium. Conclusion: There were differences in CYP1A1 m2 and m4 gene polymorphism in both pterygium group, but none has been shown to be statistically associated with the clinical variant of the pterygium.