The reflector durability is essential to maintain suitable photo-to-thermal conversion in concentrated solar power plants. The present study evaluates the impact of environmental exposure and accelerated aging of the reflector material. The study is conducted to assess the reflector material's durability to withstand environmental exposure and accelerated aging test. The evaluation is conducted using four different reflector materials commonly used in concentrated solar power: stainless steel and silvered-glass mirror (solid-state reflector), aluminum and silvered-polymer film (sheet-based reflector). The environmental exposure and accelerated aging test are conducted for 1,080 hours according to the standard reference of ISO 8565:2011 and ASTM B117–11. The mass loss after exposure is used as a reference to determine the corrosion rate for each reflector. Further observation is conducted by using microscope light to observe the effect of exposure on the surface of the reflector. Each reflector indicates a different corrosion rate which implies different weather resistance for each reflector type. The highest corrosion rate is found on aluminum film, with a value of 295.8 g/m2.year. The accelerated aging test through neutral salt spray demonstrates that a metallic reflector has a higher corrosion rate compared to a silvered-glass mirror which uses silicon dioxide as the top coating. Microscope observation demonstrates that suitable protection from soiling elements for the silvered-glass mirror is mainly caused by the presence of silicon dioxide on the top surface of this reflector. The assessment suggests that a suitable coating can be developed to be used for reflector protection. Furthermore, the corrosion mechanism is observed clearly, which can be referred to the synthesis of new reflective material that withstands environment and salt exposure.
The application of pyrolysis for the thermal decomposition of tire waste can be taken as the ideal concept to reduce and recycle tire waste. The product of the process can produce condensate oil, a typical oil that is close to crude oil properties. The critical aspect of the pyrolysis process is the design of the reactor, particularly for the condenser where the rate of heat transfer contributes to the overall quality and quantity of the produced condensate oil. This study focused on the effect of water flow direction on the condensation process of pyrolysis gas. The quantity and quality of the produced oil are examined to observe the effect of the condensation process. Two different water flow directions are tested in the process, namely, counter flow and parallel flow direction. The effect of water flow direction in the condenser clearly affects the pyrolysis process to produce the condensate oil. Based on the production quantity, the counter flow condenser is able to produce 355 ml of condensate oil while the parallel flow one merely 290 ml. Based on the quality of the produced condensate oil, the counter flow condenser is generally better than the parallel flow one where the density, flash point and viscosity are close to crude oil properties. The rate of heat transfer from the condenser to the pyrolysis gas is the main factor that contributes to the quality and quantity of the condensate oil. The average heat transfer for the counter and parallel flow is 2,728 W and 1,865 W, respectively. It can be said that using the counter flow condenser for the pyrolysis reactor can improve the quality and quantity of the condensate oil
This research analyzes the impeller design performance that has been modified based on previous impeller designs. The previous impeller design used high engine power consumption due to the total head, so the modification of the impeller design is expected to reduce the engine power consumption. The existing design and the modified impeller design with the addition of the junction disc plate are used by this research. This research used experiment methods and theoretical methods to compare both of impeller design performances. The experiment method measures total head, fluid capacity, engine speed, and engine power consumption. The theoretical method analyzes actual fluid velocity, specific velocity, total suction head, NPSH, and pump efficiency. The results showed that the fluid flow rate was able to increase the efficiency of the centrifugal pump by 2.8%. The conclusion explains that the addition of a junction disc plate produces energy from a steady fluid flow rate to reduce the engine power consumption and escalation of pump efficiency.
Particulate-reinforced aluminum matrix composite for automotive components are developed since they have light density, high strength, and hardness, wear-resistant properties also low heat expansion coefficient compared to ferrous metals. An important factor that influences the composite characteristics is the condition of the interface area between the particle and the aluminum matrix with optimal wettability and minimal cavity defects. This research aims to improve hardness on particulate-reinforced aluminum composite which produces by a squeeze casting manufacturing process and ceramic coating process. Steps of this research include the development of an aluminum matrix composite manufacturing processes, which is followed by a ceramic coating process. Matrix composite material made of Al-7Si-9Zn-6Mg matrix with strengthened of 10% alumina (Al2O3) and 10% silicon carbide (SiC) particles, while for coating materials using Chromium Oxide, Aluminum Oxide, and Ez Zirconium. The results of the hardness test without the ceramic coating process are an average of 71 HRB (127 HV). After the coating process, an obtained hardness value of 163 HV for coating material of Chromium Oxide, 373 HV for Aluminum Oxide, and 338 HV for Ez Zirconium. The wear resistance test results in abrasion values of 2.222 x10-6 mm2/kg for coating materials of Chromium Oxide, 1.633 x 10-6mm2/kg for Aluminum Oxide, and 7.021 x 10-6mm2/kg for Ez Zirconium.
Effects of the processing parameters of a high-pressure die-casting (HPDC) process on the shrinkage defect of housing block compressor (HBC) were examined in this research. Because of the reduction of defect can increase the productivity of HBC that representing a good quality product, the processing parameters determining the quality of product must be optimized. In this study, the processing parameter of high speed in the range of 3.97 to 4.97 m/s and that of fast start point in the range of 293 to 333 mm were calculated and then the HBC samples of using the Al alloy of ADC12 were produced through the HPDC process. The shrinkage defects on HBC were characterized by visual inspection, radiography testing and microstructure examination. The result showed that the best parameters for reducing shrinkage defect of HBC by the HPDC process are 4.97 m/s of high speed and 313 mm of fast start point. The optimum parameters of high speed and fast start point were verified to contribute to producing a high quality of the HBC for the applications in automotive engine.
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