Abstract. Siregar M, Helmanto H, Rakhmawati SU. 2019. Vegetation analysis of tree communities at some forest patches in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 643-655. Deforestation has caused a decline in forest area in Indonesia. Now natural forests is left in the conservation areas while those outside conservation areas are narrow and fragmented. This study aims to analyze forest vegetation and conservation status of the species of trees in some forest patches in North Sulawesi. Diversity, structure and type of tree communities at five forest patches, namely in the villages of Bukaka, Garini and Lambak in East Bolaang Mongondow District, and Soyowan and Basaan villages in Southeast Minahasa District, North Sulawesi Province were studied using a point center quarter method. The total number of tree species (dbh ≥ 10 cm) across five patches is 84 species. The highest number of species is in Garini (37 species), followed by Lambak (25 species), Soyowan (19 species), Bukaka (10 species) and Basaan (7 species). The species diversity index also shows the same pattern with such species richness, but the dominance index demonstrates opposite trend. The highest evenness index (E) is found in Bukaka (E = 0.9524), followed by Soyowan (E = 0.9061), Garini (E = 0.7873), Basaan (E = 0.7809) and Lambak (E = 0.7099). The most important tree species based on the Species Important Value (SIV) in Bukaka is Ficus sp. (SIV = 52.17), in Garini is Octomeles sumatrana (SIV = 25.73), in Lambak is Boehmeria cylindrica (SIV = 65.03), both in Basaan and Soyowan is Dracontomelon dao with SIV of 96.87 and 46.46 respectively. The beta diversity analyzed based on species similarity index of Jaccard and Whittaker 's index shows a relatively large change in species composition from one location to another. The family of Moraceae, Malvaceae, Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae and Lauraceae are listed as the widest family with a relatively high population. The highest tree density is found in Bukaka (721 trees ha-1), followed by Lambak (482 trees ha-1), Basaan (439 trees ha-1), Garini (292 trees ha-1) and Soyowan (164 trees ha-1). The highest basal area is also found in Garini (53.59 m2 ha-1), followed by Basaan (51.62 m2 ha-1), Lambak (30.74 m2 ha-1), Soyowan (25.13 m2 ha-1) and Bukaka (20.98 m2 ha-1). The results of Cluster analysis using data of species abundance indicate that the five research locations tend to form two types of tree communities. The first community consists of Garini, Soyowan, Lambak and Bukaka, while the second community is represented only by Basaan.
Pengelolaan biodiversitas nasional hanya akan efektif jika penggalian potensi sejalan dengan upaya konservasinya secara berkesinambungan. Status lahan Kebun Raya (KR) yang tetap dan tidak dapat dialihfungsikan merupakan jaminan kelestarian tumbuhan di dalamnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap potensi tutupan vegetasi Kebun Raya Indonesia (KRI) sebagai bentuk sinergi antara konservasi tumbuhan termasuk pemanfaatannya dengan program lintas tema Pemerintah dalam upaya penurunan emisi karbon. Peranan koleksi KRI telah diukur Purnomo et al. (2013), dimana sebesar 24% tumbuhan terancam kepunahan telah dikoleksi di 25 KRI. Perhitungan kandungan karbon pada tutupan vegetasi Kebun Raya dapat diukur dengan metode pendugaan cepat dengan menghitung luas tutupan dikalikan kandungan karbon jenis tutupan. Nilai C stock pada tiap tipe tutupan vegetasi ditentukan berdasarkan tetapan Masripatin et al. (2010). Hasil perhitungan nilai C stock pada semua tutupan vegetasi KRI adalah 336.058,62 tonC. Kebun Raya yang memiliki lahan luas dengan tutupan vegetasi rapat seperti KR Jambi dan KR Balikpapan berkontribusi tertinggi dengan nilai C stock masing-masing 47.293,45 tonC dan 41.033,96 tonC. Koleksi KR tua yang diwakili 4 KR LIPI memiliki C stock rata-rata 138,32 tonC/ha, sedangkan pada KR baru yang diwakili KR Batam, KR Kendari, KR Banua, dan KR Sriwijaya memiliki C stock rata-rata 45,71 tonC/ha. Kandungan karbon pada kebun raya yang telah mencapai tutupan vegetasi ideal adalah 105,81 tonC/ha.
Conservation news Ship sturgeon rediscovered in the Rioni River in Georgia Preliminary findings indicate that the ship sturgeon Acipenser nudiventris, long thought to have been extirpated from the Black Sea basin, in fact survives, and is still spawning in Georgia. The ship sturgeon was historically found in the Black, Azov, Caspian and Aral Sea basins. Overfishing, destruction of spawning grounds, and habitat degradation combined to cause a catastrophic decline of all sturgeon populations worldwide (Ludwig, , European Journal of Wildlife Research, , -). The ship sturgeon was no exception; its population has decreased so dramatically that it has been considered extinct in the Black Sea basin, and Azov and Aral Seas, and dramatically reduced in the Caspian Sea (Mugue et al., , Mitochondrial DNA Part B, , -). It is categorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. After decades without confirmed evidence of ship sturgeon in the Rioni River, Fauna & Flora International collected photographic evidence and genetic samples from eight ship sturgeons in the Rioni River in . Taking into account the biology of the fish, and the apparent maturity of these eight individuals (- cm in length) the species appears to survive in the Rioni River. Initially, we suspected these individuals were releases from an ongoing captive breeding programme in the Kuban River in Krasnodar. In this breeding programme, ship sturgeons bred from Caspian Sea stocks are hatched and released into the Kuban River (N. Mugue, pers. comm., ). We therefore presumed the individuals from the Rioni River were most likely captive-bred individuals that had dispersed to the Rioni River after their release into the Kuban River c. km distant. However, mitochondrial DNA sequence data indicates that the Rioni specimens are genetically different from the Kuban River breeding stocks. This, in turn, suggests that the Rioni River individuals are in fact from a surviving breeding population that spawns in the Rioni River, and that the species, once thought to be extinct in the Black Sea basin, has persisted. It is therefore likely that the Rioni River still hosts native stock of the ship sturgeon.
Hidayat S, Dodo, Purnomo DW, Helmanto H, Supriyatna I. 2018. Habitat of Nepenthes spp. in the area of Sampit BotanicGardens, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1258-1265. Nepenthes spp are protected plant and most of them are at leastconcern criteria. The research purpose is to explore the habitat information that supports the existence of Nepenthes in the area aroundSampit Botanic Gardens, Central Kalimantan. Three different sites have been selected in this research. In each sites, seven samplingplots have been made by purposively sampling, each plot measuring 5x5 m2. In the Gelam Forest (Melaleuca quinquenervia), twoNepenthes species have been found, namely Nepenthes gracilis and Nepenthes mirabilis. In two other sites, in Peat Swamp Forest andAlang-alang Forest (Imperata cylindrica), dominated by N. mirabilis. Combretocarpus rotundatus is a tree in the Peat Swamp Forestthat is mostly climbed by Nepenthes. Scleria sumatrensis and Stenochlaena palustris are two species of plants that are always found inthe three research sites, but the dominant family is Melastomataceae primarily represented by Melastoma malabathricum. Nepenthesmirabilis can be found in the three research sites with an equal number, but N. gracilis was only abundant in the Gelam forest. By usingimageJ software, obtained canopy cover in Gelam forest only 10%. Meanwhile, based on laboratory test, the soil in the Gelam forest isdominated by the dust fraction and is relatively more fertile than the Alang forest. In this case, Nepenthes favored open canopy, but wasquite watery and relatively fertile.
Java is the most populous island in the world. This high population and the extensive economic activities have significantly reduced the forest areas of the Island and have greatly increased the pressure on its plant diversity. Compared to those with a wide distribution, endemic plants with a narrow geographic range are more vulnerable to anthropogenic threats and environmental changes. As species lists are essential for knowledge of species diversity in areas with strong anthropogenic pressure, here we present a dataset of endemic plants of Java Island. The initial species list was manually extracted from the Plant of the World Online (POWO). Each species on the list was then confirmed for its endemism by checking its current distribution using peer-reviewed publications, online plant databases and herbarium specimen images stored on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). The dataset contains 652 species in 279 genera and 85 families. The family with the highest number of endemic species is Orchidaceae (142 species), followed by Rubiaceae (57 species), Acanthaceae (40 species), Apocynaceae (35 species) and Lauraceae (29 species). The growth form of the species is mostly trees (22.6%), followed by herbs (19.2%), epiphytes (16%), shrubs (12.4%), vines (11%) and geophytes (9.4%). Most of the species (89.7%) have not yet been assessed for their conservation status according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. There are only 55 species (8.3%) that have been conserved within ex situ collections. Furthermore, most of the species (79.8%) are not listed on the CITES appendices and there are only four species (0.6%) protected by national law. Our contribution provides the first online list of accepted scientific names of Javan endemic plants species, together with all their synonyms. New to the dataset are: i) provision of local names of the species (if available), ii) the classification of species under eleven growth forms (tree, shrub, herb, annual, graminoid, geophyte, fern, vines, hydrophyte, parasite and epiphyte), iii) assignation of the extinction risk of species according to the IUCN Red List, iv) ex situ collection status of species and information on the protection status of the species according to (v) CITES and (vi) the national law of Indonesia.
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