Trichoderma species are able to persist on living sapwood and leaves of cacao (Theobroma cacao) in an endophytic relationship. In this research, we evaluated the ability of Trichodema asperellum introduced at the incision site in the bark for side grafting with the concentration of 4 g/10 mL, 4 g/100 mL, and 4 g/1,000 mL (suspended in water) in suppressing vascular streak dieback (VSD) incidence and promoting growth of side grafts in the field. The incidence of VSD in two local clones of cacao, MCC1 and M04, without application of T. asperellum was 71.2% and 70.1% at 21 wk after grafting, respectively. However, when the two clones were treated with a concentration of 4 g/10 mL T. asperellum, the incidence was 20.6% and 21.7%, respectively, compared to 29.1% and 20.9% at 4 g/100 mL and 18.2% and 15.6% at 4 g/1,000 mL. By comparing to the control, the treatment with the same concentrations of T. asperellum listed above, the total number of stomata in MCC1 decreased by 41.9%, 30.2%, and 14.0% and in M04 by 30.5%, 21.9%, and -2.5% (exception), respectively. Otherwise, the total area of stomata opening increased by 91.4%, 99.7%, and 28.6% in MCC1 and by 203.8%, 253.5%, and 35.9% in M04, respectively. Furthermore, the number of buds and branches treated with a mixture concentration on the the two clones increased by 90.7% and 21.7%, respectively. These data showed that the application of T. asperellum to cacao scions while grafting can decrease VSD incidence in side grafts and increase growth of grafts in addition to decreasing total number of stomata, increasing total area of opened stomata, and increasing number of buds and branches.
This paper presents the investigation of surface geology and subsurface engineering geology to analyze the excavation method and stand-up time of the DK99-DK100 Jakarta-Bandung high-speed railway Tunnel, Indonesia. Rock mass quality, tunnel excavation method, and stand-up time determined using Geological Strength Index (GSI), Basic Quality (BQ) systems, converted to Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and The Japan Society of Civil Engineering (JSCE) for comparison. The result shows that the study area consists of slightly to completely weathered andesite breccia and slightly weathered andesite lava. The rock masses at the tunnel elevation had very poor to poor quality and were associated with high weathering degrees. The recommended rock excavation method based on the GSI is digging. The recommended tunnel excavation method based on RMR is multiple drifts, top heading, and bench, while based on JSCE is bench cut method. The tunnel stand-up time is 30 minutes - 2 hours based on the RMR, while it is predicted to be unstable without support based on the BQ. The recommended design is expected to be applied effectively according to the geological conditions. It is expected to understand better the tunnel excavation method in poor rock masses, especially in Indonesia.
Forests are a source of plant biodiversity whose existence and benefits are very large for humans, one of which is medicinal plants. The purpose of this study was to identify the types and analyze the potential of medicinal plants found in the Penam Ketungau Forest, Empaka Kabiau Raya Village, and Karya Bakti Village, Sintang Regency. This study uses a survey method with a sampling design in the form of systematic sampling with random start. A cluster is made in the form of a square and at each corner and in the middle a plot is made (5 plots) with the shape of a circle (radius 17.8 m). Each plot contained 5 circular subplots in the form of a seedling subplot with a radius of 1 m, 2 m stake, 5 m pole, and 17.8 m tree. The plant species obtained were identified and potential data (density and relative density) at each growth stage were analyzed. The results obtained 45 species of medicinal plants, and the species with the greatest potential were at the seedling level (6000 individuals/Ha (29.27%)) and saplings (2375 individuals/Ha (37.25%)) namely Hopea mengerawan Miq, Dryobalanops Dyer oblongifolia at the pole level (40 individuals/Ha (25%)) and Hopea borneensis at the tree level (43.21 individuals/Ha (13.46%)). The still good condition of the forest, the large potential, and the variety of medicinal plant species identified in the Penam Ketungau Forest indicate the success of the efforts made by the community around the forest and the Sintang District Government in maintaining and protecting the Penam Ketungau Forest, so that in the future it is necessary to improve the status of the Penam Ketungau Forest. become a High Conservation Value (HCV) forest.
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