The ultimate success of an offshore field startup depends on the strategy and integration within an organization. Even more challenging is managing the dynamic interface of subsurface and surface project delivery through the design, construction, hookup, commissioning, and startup operations. This paper presents the case study of a new field startup in Abu Dhabi from the early concept selection through the critical startup phases. Integrated multi-discipline approach underpinned the successful startup when the field achieved first oil production ahead of schedule on February 2015 and exceeded expectation despite the backdrop of global sharp decline in oil price. This paper highlights the technical and functional preparation put in place by the subsurface and surface teams to ensure full integrated readiness and plan-in-place for production start-up. It also outlines the challenges encountered to achieve operational performance and the major lessons learned from the journey. The results demonstrated in this paper shows that an integrated and cooperative approach is key in dealing with delays, prioritization, execution of processes, projects and operations. The lessons learned from subsurface and surface technical preparation, through surface project engineering and delivery phases are presented. Successful management was critical in handling the drilling rigs and barge logistics, offshore installation and commissioning phases, and simultaneous operations during the production start-up and ramp-up of the field. In addition, while encountering pressures to minimize rig time and execute the extensive data gathering program, good team synergy ensured that the milestones were successfully met even with the additional limitation of skilled technical resources. Finally, illustrated in this paper are best practices applicable for new offshore field startups. This proves that even with the financial-demanding outlook and market-down conditions, the successful startup of a new field is essential and visible.
Nanotechnology can be regarded as one of the new research fields having novelty and important applications that recently gained attention, especially during the last twenty years. The implementation of nanotechnology produces materials with novel characteristics and recently many works were conducted to include nanoparticles (NPs) in cement-based materials to improve performance and manufacture concrete with better behavior under different mechanical and environmental conditions. Previous studies demonstrated that different waste ashes such as, fly ash, cement kiln dust, palm oil fuel ash, eggshell ash, Metakaolin, and waste ceramic ash can be efficiently converted to sustainable nano ashes. The chemical and physical properties of the produced nano ashes were significantly different from their parent ashes. Therefore, the concrete produced with these nano ashes had superior properties compared to the normal concrete made with traditional waste ashes. This paper presents a systematic overview of the synthesis and characterization of different nano ashes and their impacts on the performance of concrete mixtures. Based on the results from the comprehensive review, it was illustrated that the specific surface to volume ratio was considerably increased by converting the ashes to nano ashes, thus the properties of concrete were also improved. Moreover, due to the higher specific surface area of nano ashes and their reaction with undesirable C-H which is present in the cement paste matrix to produce additional C-S-H, the microstructure of concrete was considerably enhanced.
Controlling the pandemic is primarily achieved through vaccination against COVID-19. Although various COVID-19 vaccines are used worldwide, little is known about their safety and side effects. As a result, the objectives of this research are to identify the shortterm side effects of the different COVID-19 vaccines used in Iraq. Furthermore, exploring the association between experienced side effects and the brand of vaccine received. The current study evaluated the shortterm side effects of Pfizer, Sinopharm and AstraZeneca vaccines among healthcare workers in Iraq. The study used a questionnaire that consisted of dedicated sections to collect demographic data, the brand of COVID-19 vaccine received, the short-term side effects, and the willingness to receive a third booster dose. Regarding the post-vaccination side effects, the studied COVID-19 vaccines showed a comparable range of side effects, such as headaches, fever, muscle pain, joint pain, malaise, tenderness, redness, as well as pain at the site of vaccination. However, the Pfizer vaccine showed a higher incidence of pain and tenderness at the site of injection and fever compared to AstraZeneca and Sinopharm, respectively. On the other hand, the Sinopharm vaccine was associated with a higher occurrence of headaches, muscle pain, joint pain, and malaise in comparison to the Pfizer and AstraZeneca vaccines, respectively. In summary, the short-term side effects of the three vaccines were comparable; however, the AstraZeneca vaccine was associated with a lower risk of side effects.
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