Teams within surgery have been through countless cycles of refinement with an ever-increasing list of surgical team members. This results in a more dispersed team, making effective teamwork harder to achieve. Furthermore, the ad hoc nature of surgical teams means that team familiarity is not always given. The impact of this is seen across the field, with inadequacies leading to disastrous outcomes. This is a review of research that has been done into the topic of surgical teams. It will investigate barriers and consider the evidence available on how to improve the current system. Studies show an increased effectiveness of surgical teams with structures that allowed consistency in team members. The research advocates that advancements made in improving teamwork and efficiency can prove to be a low-cost but high-yield strategy for development. This can be in terms of simulated training, staff turnover management and fixed team allocation.

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Background: Trauma is a global cause of death and disability, and trauma systems are not well developed in low- and middle-income countries. Training of nurses in trauma care is of utmost importance to improve the organization and delivery of trauma care. Objective: This study aimed to identify common knowledge gaps and develop study aids to improve nurses' performance taking the Advanced Trauma Care for Nurses (ATCN) course. Methods: This is a descriptive, single-center study of the multiple-choice final examinations of the ATCN course conducted over 1 year in the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Level I trauma center. The questions missed by candidates were compiled, and the wrong options were tabulated. The most commonly missed questions were identified, and the most commonly marked wrong option was analyzed vis-a-vis the correct answer. Each error was classified into either a theoretical error or a practice-based error. Results: Ninety-six nurses attended 6 courses from June 2019 to June 2020. Of the theoretical-based questions, the top 3 categories of most missed questions were geriatric trauma (n = 13; 81.2%), massive transfusion (n = 35; 72.9%), and traumatic brain injury (n = 35; 72.9%). Of the practice-based questions, the top 3 categories of most missed questions were dislocated extremity management (n = 54; 79.4%), basic airway (n = 31; 64.5%), and shock management (n = 30; 62.5%). Conclusions: Periodic identification and categorization of the ATCN course examination's most frequent knowledge gaps allow instructors to develop teaching aids to enhance instructor teaching and improve trauma nurses' knowledge.

This study substantiated the fact that nurses had poor knowledge on the law that governed their profession and that in days to come, it would become increasingly difficult for them to avoid law suits which were prepared against them, unless remedial actions were taken.

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Background: Skin diseases are quite common among migrant workers, yet little research has been done to determine their prevalence and risk factors. Poor living conditions, over-crowding, low standards of personal hygiene and environmental sanitation make them even more vulnerable. The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence and pattern of skin infections among migrant labourers and their relationship with selected socio-demographic factors.Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was carried out among 300 temporary migrants visiting dermatology OPD of A.J. Institute of Medical Sciences teaching hospital. The duration of study was two months. All patients were diagnosed clinically by qualified dermatologists and supported by relevant investigations.Results: Most of the migrants were males (62%) while remaining (38%) were females. Majority of the migrants (42.3%) belonged to 20-40 years age group. Infectious skin diseases were found among 64.3% of the study subjects while 34.7% of them had non-infectious skin diseases. The lesions were mainly over head and neck (23.3%) followed by abdomen (23%), upper limbs (21.3%) and lower limbs (21.3%).Conclusions: The study revealed a high prevalence of infectious skin diseases among the migrant workers.

Background: Malaria is a global health problem leading to huge morbidity and mortality. India accounts for 4% of global malaria cases and 52% of malaria deaths outside the African region. A disease that was relatively unknown in Mangaluru till 1990, has shown consistent rise till 2015 killing nearly 300 people. Though, declining trends are being observed since 2015, yet its incidence continues to be high. Present study was undertaken to study clinical as well as epidemiological factors associated with malaria transmission in Mangaluru.Methods: A record based retrospective study was conducted in A J Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre Mangaluru tertiary care hospital. The data was retrieved from the Medical Record Department of the hospital for three years i.e. 2015 to 2017 and analysed.Results: A total of 1779 confirmed cases of malaria were admitted during the study period. Out of these 1309 (73.58%) cases were due P. vivax, 73 (04.10%) cases due to P. falciparum 306 (17.20%) cases had mixed infections while species of remaining 91 (05.11%) cases remained unspecified. A peak in the number of inpatients was seen in June while mean duration of hospital stay was 5.17±3.31 days. A total of 252 (14.16%) patients had one or more severe manifestations of malaria as per WHO guidelines.Conclusions: The present study reveals that majority of admitted malaria cases were young adult males belonged to urban area. Majority of the cases were infected by Plasmodium vivax or had mixed infections.

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